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The ware was chiefly of a dirty white colour, and the forms were copied from the worst patterns of Chinese manufacture. But Wedgewood, by the introduction of his Discount Ugg boots terracottas, his basalts, his jaspers, and his biscuits, at once raised British pottery to a high state of excellence. For the production of designs Wedgewood employed the highest talent, and to the skill of Flaxman we owe most of the fine conceptions which Wedgewood has embodied in his pottery. He first introduced pure geometrical forms, in articles of common use, and also more generally introduced the finest Grecian and Etruscan shapes. Since his time much attention has been paid to the subject, but nothing finer has been produced.The remains of pottery are jackets amongst the most precious relics left us by bye-gone nations, and by these alone almost we can follow the footsteps of the most wandering of people. We find in Ugg Boots sale this island remains of pottery manufactured by its earliest inhabitants, while the Roman progress through Britain can be definitely marked by potsherds, and Egypt, Greece, and Ancient Italy have all become better known to us by means of their urns, waterpots, and vases.All pottery is formed of plastic clay, which by labour, skill, and taste is made to assume the required Ugg Boots uk form and texture. Potters class their productions under two heads: Pottery and Porcelain. The former name is applied to all ware that is opaque and cannot be seen through; while the latter is much more compact and shining in its texture and possesses a large degree of transparency.Both these classes are again divided into many others, which it would take a volume to illustrate, but the principal are the soft pastes and the hard pastes, outlet which with some difference are equally applied to porcelain and pottery ; e. g. :—in porcelain the terras have reference to its capability of resisting heat, but in pottery they more particularly refer to the Cheap ugg boots different proportions of the component parts as well as the degree of heat applied in the bakings—the test of the paste here being whether or not it can be scratched with a knife. Again some are glazed, and some unglazed ugg classic tall or mat, while other specimens are enamelled; but, as we have already stated, to go into detail on this subject would require a volume. coats Tt would appear that potters have been held in much more honour than they are in the present day; for it is recorded that; at Numa a college of potters was established, and Charles Vibram five fingers III., who founded the celebrated manufacture at Capo de Monte, moulded the clay with his own hands, while the Mesdames Pompadour Ugg Bailey Button and Dubarry have both left their names intimately connected with the ceramic art.In our own district at Bovey Tracey many persons are employed in manufacturing the more ordinary Ugg Classic Cardy Boots kinds of pottery ;

The colour of the light and smoke, however, depend Ugg Boots sale very much on properly trimming the lamp. If the chimney shoulder be placed much above the wick the oxygenation of the flame is weakened, while, if it be placed below it or even on a level with it, the draught Discount Ugg boots of air is so great as almost to blow out the light. The proper arrangement therefore has been found to be for the shoulder of the chimney to be about half an inch above the wick, and where combustion is most complete, there is a freedom from smoke and the light is jackets of the best colour, viz., nearest approaching to white. These lamps have opened an opportunity for exercising good taste in their design, and we hope that in this respect they may be the means of bringing beautiful and correct forms into Ugg Boots uk general use among all classes. And we would conclude our notice of this subject with one or two hints in this respect. Do not let them be overdone by excess of ornamentation, either in colour or form ; the simpler both are kept the better. In so small a body outlet when overcrowded by ornament this fundamental form is lost altogether, and it becomes a mere piece of fret-work. When colours are introduced, let it be well considered how they will look at night and not merely by daylight, and let all the colours be considered as to producing rich tones and harmonious relationships rather than as to working out pictorial subjects. But of all things remember Cheap ugg boots to let the fundamental shapes be of the present and simplest types of beauty : and here the study of the Greek forms may be of the most essential service. coats The materials of construction should be light; dark ones, like bronzes, absorb the light and render any forms upon them perfectly inappreciable by means of the light from the lamp itself. Indeed dark substances produce a gloomy and heavy effect that is very disagreeable. Opal and porcelain, and these combined probably with glass, appear at present to be the most desirable substances Vibram five fingers for these candelabra. It is only by combining simplicity of form with practical convenience in articles of every-day use, like the lamp, the tea-urn, the water-jug, &c, that the mass of the people will ever get correct ideas of pleasing forms ; and let us hope that the time has arrived when this diffusion has got a new impulse, and that we shall no longer consider ugg classic tall a thing beautiful because it is expensive or rare, but test it upon its true merits and love it .for its own sake.Exhibition Of Pottery.Amongst Ugg Classic Cardy Boots the most important and useful articles of domestic use is pottery. Pottery has now for some years been one of the staple trades of th'is country. There was a time when our wares were not known beyond our own shores, but now we Men can hardly enter a city in Europe in which they are not be found. This great revolution was mainly the work of Josiah Wedgewood. Before his time English pottery was of an inferior quality as to materials, and still worse as regarded the taste shown in the design.

nd the Decorative derive their guiding principles Ugg Boots sale from a prevailing taste in the Fine Arts.In the first place, the workman who has not in some degree the feeling of Discount Ugg boots an artist will not be a good decorator. But, in the second place, what is still more important, wealthy employers, if they are insensible to the higher notes and harmonies of the Fine Arts, will be so entirely devoted to their own personal comfort on the one hand, or to a love of vulgar display on the other, that the artist workman will find no encouragement.The Nature Of The West Of England Exhibition.The Exhibition at Barnstaple contains a collection jackets of Decorative Art in the form of pottery, china, glass, metal-work, and woodwork ; but it would be incomplete if it did not also contain an exhibition of Ugg Boots uk the Fine Arts.It has been thought well, however, to begin on a small scale, and to give a decided preference to one branch of Art which is peculiarly English, outlet and which has been cultivated with remarkable . success in' the West of England, namely, Water-colour Drawing.For this selection there are several reasons. The mechanical arrangements are more easily made ; frames can be to a great extent dispensed with, whereby much expense is saved to the artist and to the Society, and much risk of damage and annoyance avoided. Water-colour art, even of moderate excellence, is* See extract from Mr. Womum's Analysis of Ornament, appended Cheap ugg boots to Dr. Scott's paper above, p. 224.Few persons are aware how little they see of Nature's charms until their eyes are opened, either by close examination of the coats works of great artists or by laborious and careful study of Nature itself. Unfortunately, Fashion has so great a tendency to warp the judgment, that, of those who are fond of pictures, too many follow the stream in admiring a particular artist, perhaps for his very untruthfulness glossed over by some peculiar trick of execution, till, having set up their idol, they Vibram five fingers only see Nature through the medium of his contracted vision. The office of the great artist is to teach us to love Nature, and to admire the beauties which our Creator has showered over his works with no sparing hand.Persons who are engaged in agricultural pursuits may be especially thankful for this help to sympathy with Nature ; they wage a constant conflict with the material world, ugg classic tall endeavouring to subdue it to the purpose of their own profit. It is well for them to be reminded that the clouds and the sunshine have other purposes besides the watering of their crops and the ripening of their grain, and that some of the " pests of the farm " are also " lovely flowers;"—while to the citizen in the town it is a great refreshment to have a Ugg Classic Cardy Boots vivid representation of country scenes and green fields brought into his home. The great market of the Landscape-painter is said to be Men among the opulent inhabitants of manufacturing towns.Selection Of Beautiful Objects.good and pure oil. The oil used for the Moderator is the " Colza," or rape-seed oil. This oil has never before been much used in this country, except for lubricating machinery, and now our supplies are nearly if not altogether from France, where much attention has been paid to its growth and purification. Unless the oil is completely freed from its mucilage, it not only produces a smell but a diminished light, and also renders the internal spring and its adjuncts very liable to get out of order.

And do we not also frequently speak of beauty Ugg Boots sale in mechanical contrivances, and in animal forms, in a way which shows that there is something worth caring about beyond the mere question, " Will it pay ?"—important as that question is ?The first step in Art, as we have seen, is to produce what is useful; the next is to produce a tool or implement which will do useful work effectually.But the work, though done, and done well, may be done at too great a cost Discount Ugg boots of human labour, or of money and time. A further step in Art is to bring mind to bear on matter: to accomplish by skill and by science what we used to do only by force. Thus far we deal only with the useful and mechanical arts, such as have already found jackets encouragement in our annual exhibitions. The Purposes Of Decoration.The embellishment of what is useful follows next, but this requires leisure.* A remarkable instance of the connexion between leisure and art may be noticed in the Swiss cottage, where the forced repose of the winter, burying the land for months in snow, leads a hardy and hard-working people to spend much time in the decoration of wood-work by the knife Ugg Boots uk or chisel.But Decoration implies love and sympathy. outlet In surrounding our English homes with the flower-garden and the shrubbery, in decorating our living-rooms and social tables, we stamp our love on familiar scenes. If this be done in a right and unselfish spirit, we open a door to sympathy by providing for the pleasure of others.There is thus introduced, at once, a touch of something beyond a mere regard to profit ; coats there is an appeal to the Cheap ugg boots sense of beauty. To be really successful, such Decorations must not minister to self-exaltation or personal vanity. When this taint comes over the mind, farewell to all good taste, whether it be in dress, in furniture, in gardening, or in any other form of Decorative Art.It has been said that the essence of the Fine Arts begins when the useful ends. This also is true. Beauty and ornament cannot be had for nothing ; and yet a tender Vibram five fingers spirit and a true heart will find time, if not money, to make the little sacrifices which are necessary to lend a charm to life, and to add to the happiness of those who are loved. Vibram five fingers Kso How many a cottager's wife is a proof of this ! The " LAMP OF Sacrifice " may be kindled from the poor man's fireside.* Compare the extracts from vest an American work by Vaux, given in the Notebook, p. 258.It would be a great mistake to suppose that the Fine Arts do not tend to practical utility in a very real and important sense. Their noblest use is, doubtless, to " purify enjoyment," Men and to cull from Nature noble suggestions as types of a higher state of things.But, in a lower sense also, the Fine Arts prove their utility. In proportion as they are cultivated by a nation in a right spirit, the taste developed by the higher artist gradually influences various kinds of manufactures ; and, in certain states of the world, taste is so intimately connected with manufacturing prosperity, that a nation which neglects the cultivation of taste runs a serious risk of being beaten in the race of competition.*The Connection Between The Useful And The Fine Abts.We thus arrive at the close relation subsisting between the Fine Arts and the Decorative and Useful Arts.The Useful in the present state of society cannot be separated from the Decorative ;

 Vaaari, quoted by Kugler. Ugg Boots sale These monstrosities produced a reaction to the opposite extreme of an affected Grecian purity, from the coldness of which we are now recovering to the free use of colour in ornament.Of the history of the rise and growth of the Discount Ugg boots modern English school of painting it is impossible here to speak in detail. Suffice it to say, that perhaps the greatest name of the English school, Sir Joshua Reynolds, belongs to Devonshire, as does that of Sir C. Eastlake, the present President of the Royal Academy. jackets It is remarkable also that among professed painters few have equalled, none have surpassed, these two distinguished artists in their contributions to the literature of their art. We shall speak presently of landscape and of that peculiarly English art, watercolour. Its greatest name is Turner ; some of whose most remarkable works Ugg Boots uk owe their suggestion to Devonshire scenery.Before we pass to our own times, let us note some of the lessons to be learnt from this scanty outline of the history of Art.1. That Art is intimately connected with peace, with national life and energy, with manly literature, and free institutions.2. outlet That Art, to be great, must be honest; it must rest on Uggs on sale Truth and Nature.3. That nothing great in Art will come of mere imitation of the style of former artists.4. That mere fashion, or the display of wealth as a motive for the possession of works of art, does not lead to a genuine love of what is beautiful and true. And the artist who panders to such a motive, though he may make Cheap ugg boots his fortune, will be a lost man.The Connexion Of Art With Agricultural Improvement.And now we must turn from these lofty subjects to the homely topics of our own immediate work in the West of England, in order to show the connexion between that work and the Arts.For some years past, a number of persons in various occupations and situations in Vibram five fingers life have taken a warm interest in the improvement of the art of Agriculture.They have been led to pay great attention to appliances of Mechanics, and some attention to the laws of Vegetable and Animal Life, and to the principles of Chemistry.These practical Vibram five fingers Kso subjects have induced a strong sense of the value of general education. We now embark in the improvement of the Arts ; or, at any rate, in the improvement of our own power of appreciating the Men Arts.What are our qualifications for such a task, vest and what are our opportunities ?Is it not true that, in the course of our endeavours to understand our own practical art of food-supplying, we have been led imperceptibly to discover—faintly, it may be, but truly—the beauty, the harmony, the proportion of God's laws in nature?

 of one of these great painters " that he never painted for money ; that he might have gained wealth and honour, but, for Ugg Boots sale the peace of his soul," he preferred to be a poor brother, and work for love. " He never began his work without prayer; and so entirely did his subject fill his soul, that he was frequently interrupted by tears when representing the sufferings of the Redeemer. He considered what he had painted as a gift from heaven, and never ventured to improve it." This painter was called the "Blessed Angelic Brother," Beato Fra Discount Ugg boots Angelico da Fiesole.The glorious subject of the revival of painting in Italy must scarcely be followed another step, for fear it should lead us Ugg Boots uk too far. Suffice it only to say, that the Angelic painter last spoken of was not long afterwards succeeded by the great men with whose names every one is familiar: Leonardo da Vinci, the painter of the Last Supper ; Michael jackets Angelo, the painter of the Sistine Chapel ; Raffaelle, perhaps best known to the ordinary reader by the Transfiguration, or by the Madonna and Infant Saviour. That any or all of these men may have been supassed in some outlet particular by other artists, that they had their respective frailties of character, is only to say that they were men, and therefore imperfect. But in their greatness of thought, in their power of bursting through the trammels of fashion, of seizing the broad view of human nature, and of embodying the great facts of our redemption for all future ages, they mark a period in the history of the world ; and, for good or for evil, according as we use what has been given to us through them, Ugg boots clearance society will be influenced by them as long as the civilization of the world lasts.The great fact of the revival of Art in the 13th Uggs on sale century was simultaneous with the invention of printing and the discovery of gunpowder. Gunpowder,! by destroying the impregnable security of barons' castles, put an end to reckless plunder, and the consequent Vibram five fingers growth of towns enabled the people to devote themselves to commerce and the arts in comparative security. The effect of printing towards promoting a general spirit of inquiry needs no remark. The discovery of remains of ancient Greek* This account is taken from a work published by an artist whose name is an honour to Devonshire. - Handbook of Painting,- Vibram five fingers Kso by Kugler, edited by Sir C. Eastlake.f Wornum's ' History of Painting1,' p. 166.and Roman art had, no doubt, some effect in leading the artists to Nature and to vest graceful execution. ugg clssic short But the main cause of their greatness is to be found in the intense intellectual energy of the age of which they were the types,—an activity which produced the Reformation in England and Germany, and consolidated the Papal system in the south with renewed energy. Leonardo and Michael Angelo were architects, sculptors,

The mean annual temperature of different parts of Discount Ugg boots France has been thus estimated by Humboldt :^—At Toulon 62- (Fahrenheit); at Marseilles, 59'5-j at Bordeaux, 56-; at Nantes, 55-2°; at Paris, 51-2-; at Dunquerque, 50-5-- ;—-which figures give a far* M- Barral estimates the total quantity of land that would be benefited by draining at 12 millions of hectares, = 30 millions of acres, or nearly a fourth of the whole surface.greater range of temperature than is to be found in our own country. It appears that, although there are jackets more rainy days in the north-western than in the south-eastern provinces, the actual depth of rain is greater in the latter. Thus, while the average in 1 sore is 32 inches, at Paris it is only 19. In the extreme south, the provinces of Languedoc and Provence are subject to a violent north wind called the Mistral, dry and cutting, whirling vast clouds of dust before it, and sorely Ugg Boots sale trying man and beast. With the exception of the purely mountainous districts in the centre of France, the southern zone is the least fertile. True, the time of harvest is here three weeks in advance of that of the north ; but the burning sun which ripens the grain seems to parch every other produce. A recent writer demurs to the common epithet of " gentle south." He says that it is rather " austere, grim, sombre. It never smiles; it is scathed and parched. There is no freshness or rurality in it , It does not seem the country, but a vast yard—shadeless, glaring, drear, and dry." One sees a " vast, rolling wilderness of clodded earth, browned and baked by the sun ; here and there masses of red rock heaving themselves above outlet the soil, like protruding ribs of the earth, and a vast coating of drowthy dust lying like snow upon the ground. * * Perhaps one or Vibram five fingers two distant figures, grey with dust, are labouring to break the clods with wooden hammers, but that is all. No cottages, no farmhouses, no hedges,—all one rolling sweep of iron-like, burntup, glaring land.*" Geologically, France may be considered as one extensive basin; the circumference and centre of which consist of primitive formations, the intermediate space being filled with those of a secondary and tertiary kind. Primitive rocks are found in the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the central or GalloFrancique mountain-chain, . Vibram five fingers sale The mountains in Auvergne are of volcanic origin, and cover an extent of 120 miles. In Ardeche we meet with groups of gigantic' basaltic columns. The interval between the primitive formations of the centre and circumference of France is occupied, almost entirely by secondary formations, chiefly  calcareous or marly, composing hillranges, not steep but bare, with thin soil. , ugg classic short boots It is on such land that the vines of Burgundy flourish to perfection.

The anarchy of the cities had spread to the villages. Discount Ugg boots Bands of robbers scattered themselves through the provinces. Their hatred was manifested not against the feudal rights of the nobles, but against property itself, though now no longer in the hands of a privileged class. " War to the castle, peace to the cottage," was the cry. But the flames which destroyed the one did not spare the other. The spoilers, in their haste to devastate jackets the parterres and preserves, trampled down the fields ready for the harvest. "The inevitable consequences of these disorders were soon manifested. Food, already scarce, became still more so, and the first effect of agricultural freedom was a famine."*The ten years that followed this disastrous 1789 were even more gloomy. Tyrannical laws arbitrarily fixing Ugg Boots sale the prices of food were the not-surprising result of a government which was overawed by a famishing population. During the Consulate the prospect began to brighten. Chaptal, during his brief term of office, did what he could for agriculture. But with the wars of the Empire another grave evil arose. The labouring class was decimated by repeated conscriptions. The country was drained of its revenues. Want of capital and scarcity of hands were the double difficulty against which the farmer had to strive. Absurd regulations contending with the natural laws of commerce hampered him still more, forbidding him to sell wheat at more than a certain maximum price, and interfering with the management of his live-stock ; so that it is a matter of wonder to find that the cultivation of the soil was not completely abandoned. We must not, however, put down everything to the side of loss. A large amount of gain was to be derived from the Code Napoleon, which will confer more lasting glory on the memory of its author than a hundred such victories as Marengo and Austerlitz. The codification of the laws affected the value of real property to an amazing degree. Security and cheapness in obtaining a title increase the value of property not only directly, but also indirectly by promoting an increase in the number of purchasers. Napoleon's Vibram five fingers great measure, therefore, supplemented and extended the laws of the Republic which provided for the subdivision and equal inheritance of the land. From the period of the first to the second empire agriculture has progressed,— slowly, indeed, judged by an Ugg Boots uk English standard of advance,—yet surely, as will be seen from the subjoined statistics, which I borrow from M. de Lavergne. In these figures the difference in the quantity of roots is very markworthy: this difference points to a Targe increase in livestock. Only a portion of the improvements that have been made can be shown by comparative statistics. Increased stores of manure follow increased root-crops ; besides which, much has been effected in the Vibram five fingers sale way of drainage and' irrigation with which the above figures are not debited.*Before proceeding to fuller details, it will be interesting to describe very briefly the geographical and physical conditions of France. The fact that this country extends through nearly nine degrees of latitude, and that its extreme length is 664 miles, implies a very considerable variety of climate. Still further to augment these diversities, we find rich plains, watered and sheltered, ugg classic tall boots alternating with lofty mountain-ranges of from 6000 to 13,000 feet in height. However, we.may. divide Prance with sufficient exactness into four zones. The northern embraces all that district north of a line drawn from the mouth of the Loire to the Meuse near Mezieres. This we may term the wheat-growing zone. Below this line, and extending south as far as another line nearly parallel with the first, and running from the mouth of the Gironde to the Rhine at Colmar, we include the vineyard district. Still further south, and stretching down to a diagonal drawn from Bagneres in the- Pyrenees to a few miles south of Grenoble, we pass through a Country of Which the maize is the characteristic product. Below this widest belt lies the narrowest and southernmost, comprehending the remainder of the kingdom, and noted for its olives', lemon-trees, and orange-groves.

it was the united condemnation of that war Discount Ugg boots by the voice of public opinion—an opinion, be it remembered, concerned far more with the impolicy than the wickedness of war; with the evils that result from it far more than the guilt which would promote it. This useful creed—a lawful creed so far as it goes—is amazingly strengthened by every increase of commercial intercourse between ourselves and other countries.Our neighbours have recently borrowed from us an institution to which English agriculturists are daily and increasingly acknowledging their obligation. The French Concours will soon become as influential and as useful as our own meetings and shows. Another and still more jackets important improvement is now in contemplation. La Liberte- commercials is befriended by Imperial favour. It remains to be seen whether it will win as complete a victory Ugg Boots sale as Free-trade obtained in these Islands some thirteen years ago. I propose to consider each of these topics in full. But, previously, we will take a retrospective view of French Agriculture from the period of the first Revolution.At the commencement of the Revolution two arbitrary laws greatly affecting the land were passed—such laws as are enacted only in times of great excitement. The property of the Church and the possessions of the Noblesse were confiscated for the good of the nation. The ecclesiastical revenues were not very large. They were valued by the Bishop of Autun, in 1789, at seventy million francs per annum (2,800,000/.) The nobility possessed nominally a quarter of the soil, " but so neglected, so badly looked-after, so burdened with debts of all kinds, that the pet revenue was almost nothing.To some few claimants, though these doubtless were peasants, 47. and 21. were awarded.* But the land of the millionaires was even worse cultivated than that of the peasants. Wherever you come across the estates of a great lord, the land is sure to be uncultivated, said Arthur Young. He noticed, especially, the domains of the two largest proprietors in France, and these were fallows or deserts. "If I were, just for a few days, the sole ruler in France, I would make these lords swing," was the angry Vibram five fingers exclamation of the English traveller. The French rulers behaved more leniently than this, yet still with sufficient severity. Instead of selling a portion of these encumbered estates for the liquidation of the heavy debts of their proprietors, they confiscated the whole to the national fund, Ugg Boots uk notwithstanding that the Revolution numbered supporters among the noblesse as illustrious as Lafayette, La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Lally-Tolendal, and Mirabeau.Where the landlords are paupers, it is difficult to say into what depths of misery the tenants will fall. Several years before the Reign of Terror, French statesmen had mourned over coats the sad condition of their country. The celebrated Vauban wrote nearly a century before the Revolution:—"The mass of pauperism is now extremely great. . . . Almost a tenth of the population is as poor as beggars, and actually begs. Of the remaining nine-tenths five are unable to give alms, because they themselves are reduced to the same plight; and of the other four-tenths three-tenths are in a very miserable condition." Arthur Young, who travelled through France during the years 1787-88-89, adds his testimony to the general poverty of the agricultural classes. "It reminded me," he says emphatically, "of the miseries of Ireland." There is, however, one ugg classic tall boots bright light in this gloomy picture. Passing through the districts where small properties abounded, Young noted a wonderful contrast to the rest of the country. Of ,the neighbourhood of Dunkirk he remarks:—-"The magic of property turns sand into gold." And again, " Much watering at St. Lawrence ; the scenery very interesting to a farmer. An activity has been here that has swept away all difficulties before it, and clothed the very rocks with verdure. It would be a disgrace to common sense to ask the cause; the enjoyment of property must ugg classic short boots have done it."The immediate effect of the Revolutionary changes on agriculture was undoubtedly injurious. Although the land was now free from all those taxes and imposts which so impoverished the occu* The Minister of Finance reckoned the number of acquirers of ecclesiastical property at 666,000; of property belonging to the old corporations, 440,000; and the sales of communal property at 110,000.piers of it, there was no improvement in the tillage.

Thus we shall be adopting one of the most Discount Ugg boots ancient of the practices still carried out by the Chinese and other Oriental nations; and when to this I add that some of the best water-meadows in this country—such as those in Gloucestershire and Wiltshire—are reputed to have been made by the Romans, it shows that the practice of irrigation has not made any very considerable advance during the last fifteen centuries.A Period jackets of political revolution is the worst of all times for the consideration of social reforms. Amid the glare of burning cities and the tumult of contending armies, the Reformer has small chance of making himself seen or heard. It may be stated as an invariable law, that social improvements progress in inverse proportion to the frequency of political convulsions. Ugg Boots sale It is not to be expected that that land will be highly cultivated which lies on the slope of a volcano and in the direct course of the lava-current. We shall not, therefore, be surprised if, after a brief investigation of the condition of French Agriculture, we find that in many things our neighbours are very much more in the rear than might have been expected of a country which ranks with the first in the world. In a nation whose revolutions occur every decade—nay, even more often, as Talleyrand, prince of diplomatists, who "swore 'eternal allegiance' to eleven constitutions," has testified —the statesmen will have been too intent in framing schemes Vibram five fingers of government to descend to the less interesting though more useful details, which have far greater influence on the general happiness and prosperity than all the first principles of statecraft. Now that France is enjoying—enduring rather—a respite Ugg Boots uk from the crucial experiments of system-makers, she is wisely employing her unwonted and compulsory leisure by an inquiry into the present condition and future improvement of her agriculture. That this is a most important inquiry, statistics will prove. The number of able-bodied men in France is about eight millions. Of these, six millions are cultivators of the soil; that is, a sixth of the whole population. In England only one-tenth of the whole population is agricultural, and this proportion includes women and children. If we add these to our estimate, we may infer that at least one-half of the inhabitants of France are connected with the land.* Where so large a proportion of the population is directly interested in one pursuit (the whole nation is, of course, indirectly influenced thereby), it becomes important to note from time to time the progress that has been made in it. This matter has likewise its interest for ourselves. In the great body politic the commercial coats prosperity of one member is to the advantage of all. No great stretch of imagination is needed to suppose that if, instead of being one vast " encumbered estate," France had been properly cultivated,—if in place of a squalid* The actual figures, according to the census of 1851, were, 14,318,476 agriculteurs, out of a total population of 35,783,170. This does not include any of the " women and children at the charge of their husbands and parents," who with sale the unclassified population make up 12,245,782.people striving to keep off starvation by bread made of grass and bark of trees, and having for answer to all complaints " a new gallows forty feet high,"*—there had been before 1789 an industrious, well-fed, orderly nation,—England would have been spared nearly thirty years of battle, thousands of her sons, and millions ugg classic short boots of her treasure.If anything has served to quench the first flames of a war that lately threatened us, and which half a century earlier would by this time have devastated half Europe

I have found good effects Discount Ugg boots arise from salting " water-meadow" hay. The cattle eat it with greater avidity, and it is more healthy for them.—R. S.season, and with this dry food their progress is most satisfactory. Such is the invariable evidence of practice: for an explanation we look to the teachings of science.From this will be clearly seen the cause of stock thriving so well on the herbage of our water-meadows, for a surprising difference is manifest between the nutritious and fattening powers of early water-meadow grass and the grass from dry meadows. It is also worthy of note that this character is not maintained through the latter part of the season: the June crop more nearly approaches it in composition. jackets We may, therefore, safely accept the concurrent evidence of practice and science,—that watermeadow grass is more juicy in its nature, more abundant in its produce, and of better quality than the herbage of dry meadows.Looking abroad for the manner in which irrigation is practised, we find many singular examples of the great value set upon water for this purpose. Ugg Boots sale In India and China the greatest amount of labour is expended in procuring, preserving, and using the water. Thus in Bengal we find instances of wells being dug on the higher portions of tillage fields, from which the water is raised in leathern bags by the aid of bullocks. Vibram five fingers When the water is raised, great care is taken of it. The land having been previously divided into level squares, according to the slopes of the ground, the water is conveyed into a small channel around it, from which it soaks away into the soil enclosed, and thus each square is successively watered by percolation, and not by surface flooding.In Patna, the water Ugg Boots uk being less deep, is raised by a long lever, but the leathern bucket is still employed.In Afghanistan water is conveyed for miles by subterranean canals. Shafts from the surface are frequently made into them for the purpose of removing the excavated earth, and they are subsequently kept open so as to act as wells for the land under which the canal passes. When the canal re-appears at the surface, the water can be more freely used for irrigation, and thus luxuriant vegetation often appears (immediately below the snow-clad hills.In Mexico irrigation is also coats practised, but in a very negligent manner.Switzerland has many instances of successful and skilful irrigation, especially in the cantons of Aargau and Berne. The system here adopted is carried out with even more skill than is generally shown in England. They begin earlier than we do, as they are compelled to stop irrigation as soon as the mountain snow-streams begin to flow. Indeed, this current being exceedingly low in temperature, is very injurious to vegetation ; consequently if the water receives any addition from the melting snow on the hills, its use is entirely discontinued as spring advances. The meadows, having been encouraged by three or four months' previous irrigation, are brought forward by the genial climate of spring to early maturity, and sale often produce 2j to 3 tons of hay per acre.The practice in the Netherlands partakes largely of the character of liquid manuring; indeed, the accumulations of liquid manure are there distributed by the aid of running water.In Lombardy irrigation receives very considerable attention. For many centuries it has been practised there, and still it claims pre-eminence. ugg classic short boots The state claims the right to the water, and sells the right of use, for one, two, or more hours daily, to those requiring it; but the payment is far below the value arising from its use. How truly may we say that irrigation is more highly valued there than in this land, where the streams are free, and (with the exception of occasional rights) at the disposal of those bordering upon them! In Lombardy the water is used not only for grass land, but also for other crops; and it is by no means improbable that ere long we may in this country see manuredwater similarly applied to the cultivation of crops.

many of his seedlings have proved themselves to be of great vibram five fingers value.The Horticultural Society of London, during the time he was connected with it, conferred great benefit on this country. Great pains were taken to test the quality of the fruits cultivated, and to class them under their correct names, many kinds of apples, pears, vibram fivefingers &c, having previously had a large number of synonyms differing in different localities. Their catalogue of fruits, published in 1842, is a work no pomologist can do without, and their supplement, published since, although not so complete, is of great utility, and reflects much credit on Mr. Robert Thompson, who has spent the greater part of his life in the service of the Society and in the study of fruits. Some idea may be formed of the magnitude of this work, from the fact that in the catalogue of 1842, 897 distinct sorts of apples, 442 distinct sorts of pears, 127 distinct sorts of plums, and 80 distinct sorts of cherries, besides hundreds of peaches, vibram five fingers kso nectarines, apricots, &c. (which are not used in this country as orchard fruits), have all been tested in the Society's garden, and all have their synonyms attached.During the last few years no advance of any consequence was made by the Horticultural Society as regards orchard fruits until last autumn, when the Society had a magnificent display of both home and foreign fruits at Willis's Rooms (London), and awarded prizes to a considerable amount.This inertness on the part of the Horticultural Society called into existence a society bearing the title of ' The British Pomological Society,' which holds numerous meetings during the year, and has received the support of all the leading nurserymen and gardeners, both professional and amateur, in the United Kingdom. This Society affords to all persons, whether members or not, the means of having their fruits (especially seedlings) tested against all the best known existing sorts.Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, publishes also annually a descriptive catalogue of fruits of great utility to every cultivator, and it has this merit, that the accuracy of its descriptions can be relied upon, having been made from his own personal observations.There is one of his recommendations, however, on which I must differ from him, i. e. the cultivation of the pear on quince stocks; this may probably be of utility on very stiff clay-land and for garden trees, but on light lands and for orchard purposes I would caution purchasers against it. I have known so many failures arise from this stock having been used, that I recommend no pear-trees but those grown on pear stocks.Mr. five fingers shoes Rivers has also published several other valuable and interesting works on fruit trees. There is one class of fruits that seems, however, not to have attracted the attention it deserves—viz., apples used for cider. Whilst fruit for dessert and kitchen purposes has been largely grown, and great improvements have been made in it, the cultivation of trustworthy kinds for cider seems to have been neglected, and there are no data by which correct nomenclature can be ensured.

It is mainly through defective construction in carts that vibram five fingers waggons have been able so long to maintain their ground.Of the liquid-manure cart we say but little, as we believe it will be found most advantageous to apply the manure in a solid form, and that therefore there will be eventually little or no demand for the liquid-manure vibram fivefingers cart.Probably the smallest number of carts it would be possible forany farmer to manage with would be three 4i inch-wheel carts and one 3 jnch-wheel cart; the 4i inch being for farm, and the 3 inch for market, purposes. This is very much less than any farmer ought to have.With three dung-carts, one may be filling, one going, and the other returning. We prefer the 4b inch-wheel to a wider one, for the 6, inch we think too heavy for harvesting purposes ; the 3 inch wheel would cut the land, which the 4i inch does not.The cart, we have already said, is, in our opinion, vastly superior, for nearly every purpose of the farm, to the waggon ; still the waggon has many advocates. A heavy load of hay may be hauled to the pasture-ground, and allowed to remain on the waggon until the sheep have consumed it. This is an advantage. Again, where the farm lies scattered and hilly, a waggon may be more useful than a cart, on account of the advantage of dragging in going down hill.We have now discussed the various heads of our subject, and have, we trust, proved that the cart, for all farm purposes, is superior to the waggon, and that it only requires a correct knowledge on the part of our mechanists to supersede the latter. If this paper should vibram five fingers kso induce a more careful consideration of these principles, its object will have been well answered.VI.—On Orchards. By WlLLIAM Heale, Upton Nurseries,Chester.The cultivation and management of orchards, generally speaking, is much neglected in the western counties. The treatment they require is not well understood, and in most cases they are left to themselves as soon as they have become well established in the soil. The care they receive is confined to cutting off dead branches, or those which hang down in the way of cattle that are allowed to graze under them.In the accompanying pages it will be my aim to give such information to the cultivator as has either fallen within my own observation and practice, or as I have been enabled to gather from the published opinions of others.To the late Mr. Andrew Knight five fingers shoes we are much indebted for the improvement of the race of fruits in this country :

The arrangement and strength of the lades in Busby's cart is worthy of notice; perhaps however there is scarcely sufficient support given to the sides at the vibram five fingers hinder part. The special advantages of Busby's cart, as it now stands, are:—1st. The lowness of the load, less labour in filling, less risk of upsetting.2nd. The height and construction of the wheels; easier draught for the horse; in fact, the maximum of purchase for the wheel is now combined with the minimum of lift in loading, unless with a cranked axle, which is objectionable on the score of expense.3rd. The absence of all panelling and needless holes for the wet to lodge in.There is not one mortice in the whole cart, all being fastened by tying the pieces together in vibram fivefingers the most simple manner, with bolts and screws. Every plank, therefore, can be replaced by a new one. Crosskill manufactures a good cart for general purposes, which he calls the Model one-horse cart. It has twice received prizes from the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Whilst mentioning Crosskill's name, we should allude to his patent wheels. The manufacture of these wheels is conducted almost entirely by machinery, which enables them to be constructed more cheaply and strongly. The naves are of iron, cast upon steel pins, by which process they become so hard as to resist the file. When the spokes (made of well-seasoned oak) are properly driven, the wheel is fixed in a lathe, and the end of each spoke is turned, with the greatest possible accuracy, to fit double-shouldered sockets, bored with equal precision in the felloes. The felloes, toa, are turned in a lathe; after which the hoop-tire is cut, bent, bevelled, and put on by machinery, with an accuracy and firmness that cannot be equalled by any hand process. vibram five fingers kso The wheels can be supplied either with or without axles, and either with iron naves or wood naves and bushes. The axles of all the iron nave wheels are made to a gauge, so that wheels of different widths will fit the same axles ; or, in case of accident, new wheels can be sent from Beverley without the axle being returned.The requirements and the views of different farmers differ so widely that it would be difficult to lay down any general average. Nothing can be more fallacious in farming operations than to fix a certain standard, with the view of applying it indifferently to all neighbourhoods. The nature of the soil, the system of cultivation, and the climate, all vary so much that nothing like an accurate estimate tun possibly be formed. We will, however, give the opinion of three or four practical men on this subject. One gentleman, who farms in five fingers shoes Cornwall, thus writes us:

If the shafts are fixed,' as in some of Busby's carts, to the side of the cart, or a crank shaft used, instead of being a continuation of the sole, the greatest power of draught may be combined with the lowest centre of gravity, but this arrangement increases the cost.HI. The Improvements Recently Introduced.Under this head we propose briefly vibram five fingers referring to some of the most approved varieties of carts. The Scotch tilt-cart is a great favourite with many. The distance between the shafts is 20 to 22 inches. The shaft and frame are of ash, the spokes of oak, the fellies of elm, and the axle of iron. It holds 1 cubic yard of earth, is 5 feet long, 4 wide, and 16 inches deep ; with wings it presents a superficial surface of 50 feet, and will carry from 12 to 14 cwr. of straw; its cost is about 12/. In the west of Eng. land, vibram fivefingers Milford of Thorveton is well known as a successful competitor for the premiums for carts and waggons of the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society.At the Yeovil Show, in 1856, Milford obtained the prize for a cart with solid sides, having iron work in the thickness of the wood, and furnished with spring catches for the tailboard. The Judges remark on this :—" It was thoroughly well turned out of hand, hut susceptible of further improvements in construction, and especially in the form of the projecting ends of the hottom frame, which strike the ground when the cart is tipped, and which, being straight, are subject to a cross strain more likely to break them than if curved (as in a cart exhibited by Lane), so that the end grain of the wood should strike the ground instead of the side."Although his materials and workmanship are good, perhaps there is scarcely enough attention paid by Milford to principles of construction. vibram five fingers kso There are too many opportunities given for the lodgment of wet. Busby, by greater attention to these points, has succeeded on several occasions in carrying off the prize from Milford. Busby's wheels have less dish than Milford's; this lessens draught. The axle he employs is iron; this enables him to keep the body lower, although his wheels are slightly higher than Milford's. The mode of tipping is in itself good, and affords a ready means of adjusting the load, so as to preserve a level on hilly roads. This gives great relief to the horse. There are likewise fewer five fingers shoes places for the lodgment of wet, and fewer nails and mortices than in most carts.

 A boy is generally employed to go with a cart, and his strength is frequently not sufficient to raise the cart so as to tilt and preserve the proper level in vibram five fingers descending hills ; now, by means of the winch, the boy is able to easily accomplish this.4th. Tlw height of the Cart and position of Shafts.We have already stated our opinion to be in favour of low carts, inasmuch as they are steadier and easier to fill. Still there are some arguments to be urged in favour of high carts. To apply the force of the horse most economically the vibram fivefingers shafts should be of such a height that when the horse is drawing the shoulderchain and shaft shall be in one straight line. In fact the axle of the cart or centre of the weight should form a straight line with the shoulder-chain of the horse, or the point at which the power is applied. If the shaft be too high or too low the chain will meet at an angle and cause a waste of power. It is therefore clear on good level roads the horse draws his load with the greatest ease when the shafts are nearly level. But in ascending a hill, or on rough ground, the case is different; the centre of gravity being more elevated, the load is more quickly thrown out of balance with a high cart than a low. Moreover, it is an advantage to the horse on hilly ground to bear some portion of the weight on his back, since it increases his weight, and consequently his power of traction ; therefore, for farm purposes a low cart, and for level road-work a high cart is best All that has been advanced in favour of a low cart applies with still more force to harvest carts. five fingers shoes The difficulty of keeping the load steady, in consequence of an elevated centre of gravity, has in many instances in hilly districts induced the use of waggons for harvesting purposes. Where the carts are kept low and wide, carts may be with safety used for harvesting purposes. It is true that in a cart the load is exposed to more jerks than in a waggon, since a portion of the load in the former is borne on the horse's back, and must necessarily partake of the unsteadiness of his motion. Where the harvesting frame consists of two or three parallel or horizontal bars, small loads can only be taken at a time. It increases the power of cohesion of the load to have only one bar at the front and vibram five fingers kso back, since the sheaves are bent over the single bar by the weight of the load, and thus obtain a firmer hold. The best mode of keeping the load steady and secure is by the use of curved raves, as in Crosskill's, Busby's, and Fry's Newport cart With these raised ends and sides the motion of the cart tends to condense the load.

The cart-body is either dormant or has a tilt. vibram five fingers It is evident that a tilt-cart is superior to the dormant-bodied cart, inasmuch as its load can be at once emptied, which operation in the latter can only be accomplished piecemeal, or by the removal of the horse from the shafts. When the cart-body is movable independently of the shafts, one of two plans is adopted: either that resorted to in the case of the Northampton cart, where the body rests upon the axle and the shafts are fastened directly upon the axle also, or as in the Scotch cart, where the shafts are fastened not to the axle, but to a spindle which passes through the sidepieces of the framework on which the bed is nailed, and through the hinder extremities of the shafts themselves. In this case, when the body tilts, it turns around the cart axle ; vibram fivefingers and as the shafts are attached to the bed in front of the axle, the forward motion of the horse, after the load has fallen, obviously tends to bring the body to its place again, without the assistance of the carter.The mode adopted by Crosskill of attaching the front of the cart to' the shaft is simple and effective. A piece of iron pierced with holes is fixed to the body of the cart; into these a bolt fits, kept in its place by a lever. It is obvious that according to the height of the hole in which the bolt is placed will be the position of the bed of the cart, whether dormant on the shafts or with its bed sloped to any required angle. A second method is that of the Scotch tilt cart. There are two straps of iron, the one* There is a still better plan, viz., to make a portion of the tire flat, and to bevil the rest. The flat part alone rests on the hard road ; the bevilled part comes into bearing on soft ground. So on hard ground friction is diminished; and on soft ground there is less sinking, vibram five fingers kso and less cutting of turf.—Ed.hinged on to the shaft crosspiece, and carrying a holt which fits into the holes pierced in the other, which is fastened to the body of the cart; a collar slips over the two when they are thus bolted together, and holds them so. A third method is that adopted by Messrs. Fowler and Fry in their Newport prize cart. The method and its use are now well known: a bar is hinged to the shaft crosspiece and carries a collar through which the looped iron attached to the cart passes, and is held by the pin in any required position. This plan is very similar to Stratton's tilting apparatus. A fourth method is by means of a rack pinion and small winch, with the rackwork boxed. This plan is expensive and liable to get out of order. Still this five fingers shoes kind of tilt is useful on hilly ground.

If therefore they had both endeavoured to improve their vibram five fingers barn-works, the result would probably have been that the former maker would have improved his machine, but the latter made his worse; and if, on the other hand, they had both altered their horse-works, the case would just have been reversed. From the success which attended this first attempt it is probable that the consulting engineer will be prepared at the next meeting to conduct a trial of this kind in a still more complete and satisfactory way; and it is worthy vibram fivefingers of remark that it is only by some such method as that above described, in which the draught is ascertained of both horse and barn works combined, that an opinion can be safely given respecting the efficiency of the whole machine when set to work in the farmer's stack-yard. Mbt shoes clearance Table C gives the performance of all the machines which were adapted for steam power, and the trial was conducted as follows:—Each machine was furnished with 100 sheaves of mown wheat, and the time it took to thresh them, as well as the quality of the work, vibram five fingers kso with regard to clean threshing and the state both of straw and grain, is given in the columns appropriated to those details. The following attempt was made to place all the machines on an equal footing as regarded motive power. Two steam-engines were employed, and a communication established between their boilers, one being used simply vibram five fingers sale to generate steam, the other both for this purpose and to drive the machines. By this arrangement it was anticipated that the supply of steam would be so great that the boiler five fingers shoes of the driving machine could be kept constantly supplied with steam of the desired pressure even whilst the machines were at work, and on trial this was found to be the case. At first sight nothing could appear more satisfactory than this trial, as all the machines worked under an equal pressure of steam, and the time they occupied in doing the same quantity of work would vibram five fingers shoes seem to be the fairest possible test of their respectivepowers. The consulting engineer, however, who watched the trial with great care, discovered that though the steam was constantly at the same pressure, some machines were able to obtain a greater quantity of it than others, and that this depended on the size of the driving pully, which varied in different machines, and thus enabled some to obtain, as it were, a greater number of measures of steam than others. This trial, therefore, was not quite conclusive, but it enabled the judges to select seven of the best for further trial, and the following mode of obviating the above-mentioned inequality mbt sandals was adopted:

Table A gives the result of the application of an entirely new test vibram five fingers to threshing-machines, one, viz., which registers the amount of force required to drive the machines when empty. Table B records a further attempt to ascertain the proportions in which the amount of draught given in column 9 of Table A should be apportioned between the horse-works and the barn-works of the respective machines. It will be observed vibram fivefingers  that the number of the machines tried is reduced from 16 to 5. This arose from the trial in question heing a new suggestion which occurred to the consulting engineer at a period of the proceedings which did not admit of its being extended to more than a very limited number, Mbt shoes clearance those being selected which had acquitted themselves the best in the previous trials.The mode of conducting this trial was as follows:—The machines were driven by steam, and the power registered which was required to drive them empty. This gave the friction vibram five fingers kso of the barn-works alone, and is recorded in col. 6. The friction of the whole machine (?. e., both horse and barn works) is shown in col. 5, and is in fact identical with col. 9 of Table A, the power being given in stones in one case, but expressed in the equivalent horse-power in the other. The difference between these two (see col. 7) gives the friction of the horseworks. This method does not pretend to absolute accuracy, but it furnishes vibram five fingers sale an approximation which will in the opinion of the reporter do much to improve the construction of these machines. Its importance will be best seen by comparing two five fingers shoes machines in which the whole friction was about equal, but where it was due in very different proportions to the barn-works and horse-works respectively. The machines of Messrs. vibram five fingers shoes Garrett and Woods furnish an excellent illustration of this point, the whole friction being in these cases 2-78 and 2"81; the friction of the barn-works being, however, 2-07 and -46;'whilst that of the horse-works was "71 and 2'35. It is not an improbable supposition that both of these makers on their return home might have endeavoured to reduce the draught of their machines, and had the whole friction onlv been ascertained, they would have had no clue to mbt sandals the particular part which was in fault.

To show the extent to which these inaccuracies are carried, vibram five fingers it is only necessary to mention that in the description of one of the machines it was stated that two revolutions of the horsewheel produced 700 revolutions of the drum, whereas on calculation it was found to produce 1146, so that, had there been no check vibram fivefingers to the exhibitor's estimate, he would only have had the credit of making his drum revolve 700 times per minute, whilst the dynamometer charged against him the amount of draught reTable ATable A gives various particulars respecting the machines tried with the Mbt shoes clearance dynamometer. These for the most part require no remark ; but column 9, which gives the draught in stones when the machines were running empty, is well worthy of notice from the great variation in the amount of power required. In one instance it amounted to 48 vibram five fingers kso st. It should be mentioned that this was a six-horse machine, but after making all due allowance on this score its draught when doing no work was far too great. In another instance it will be observed that the draught was 44 st. To assist in forming an opinion respecting the figures in this column it may be mentioned that the average draught of a plough vibram five fingers sale turning a furrow 9 inches by 6 rarely exceeds 24 stone, and on light land (when not too dry) is generally under 20 stone. Yet this is considered a fair amount of work for a pair of horses, and taking 10 to 12 stone as the average draught of each horse, it appears that five fingers shoes in no less than four of the machines tried on this occasion, and which professed to be four-horse machines, it required the ordinary pull of three horses at plough to drive them at their proper speed when doing no work. Had these machines acquitted themselves ill when put to work, the  vibram five fingers shoes fact would scarcely have been worth notice, but it becomes important when we find that they were subsequently proved to be some of the best exhibited. The result then of this first trial was to show that the best threshing-machines now manufactured are still far from perfect, and as the trials proceeded some progress was made in detecting their weak points. mbt sandals It will have been gathered from the preceding remarks that

Three portable steam-engines, manufactured by Messrs. vibram five fingers Clayton, Shuttleworth, and Co., the powers of 5, 7, and 9 horses respectively. Two of these engines were of the same construction, the third a two-cylinder vibram fivefingers engine, which we think an unnecessary complication when designed for agricultural purposes. The three boilers were all tubular, and precisely the same in make, thereby obtaining on the trial an unfair advantage over but one of a kind exhibited by other parties. In saying this, we intend not the slightest reflection upon Messrs. Clayton, Shuttleworth, and Co., but under Mbt shoes clearance similar circumstances we should recommend in future that but one of a kind should be tested for each exhibitor. The workmanship of these engines was vibram five fingers kso good, the arrangement for working the governors new, and the general performance satisfactory, doing good duty for the fuel consumed, as will be seen by reference to vibram five fingers sale the tabular statement.The crank-shaft we thought too short between the bearings to remain steady in constant wear ; the piston and valve-rods worked through screw stuffing-boxes, which is a method now seldom adopted but for the sake of cheapness : five fingers shoes the engines were mounted on iron wheels, which we think not so suitable for farm roads aswooden ones. Having made these observations, we have now the pleasure to add that we felt so well satisfied with the quick generation of steam and duty done by these engines, as to select the 7-horse article, No. 2, for the second prize of twenty-five pounds."" A 6-horse portable engine, also manufactured by Messrs. Garrett and Son. The general remarks made upon their former engine are also equally applicable to this as respects workmanship and strength; it is also fitted with the necessary steam and water-gauges and governors, and we would especially notice the strength and construction of the one carriage of the four bearings of the crank shaft, admitting vibram five fingers shoes of their being bored out at one operation in the lathe. The boiler of this engine is tubular, but the fire-box circular, the outer case being an uniform cylinder throughout, thereby attaining great strength and durability, points so essential to be noticed in engines to be worked by unexperienced hands ; the plates of this boiler were $, and tubeplate |-inch thick, showing much greater strength than in the one which obtained the second prize. The duty performed by this engine was very satisfactory, as will be seen by refereuce to the tabular statement: and if we make due allowance for a cold rain falling during the whole of this trial, the other engines having the advantage of a hot sun, the result will assign to this engine in duty done, as well as in strength and mbt sandals durability, the first prize of fifty pounds, which was awarded accordingly.

That Mr. Clayton's machine makes excellent work is vibram five fingers undeniable, but when it is necessary to decide which is the best principle of construction, it is at once apparent that the numerous clever contrivances by which his shifting vibram fivefingers cylinders are made as little objectionable as possible, are yet proofs of the faulty nature of the original plan. The first requisite in an agricultural implement is efficiency, the second simplicity, and this last is scarcely less important than the first, inasmuch as simplicity is the very quality which ensures its being efficient in the hands of ordinary unskilled labourers, and Mbt shoes clearance at the same time affords the best guarantee for its being rarely out of order, and being easy to repair when an accident does happen. Let the two prize-machines (which may be considered identical in principle) be compared with Clayton's in the two points above vibram five fingers kso mentioned. With respect to efficiency, all three make very good tiles, and though the prize-machines are more rapid in their performance, Clayton's is sufficiently expeditious for most tile-yards, and the additional number, though a point in favour of the former, vibram five fingers sale is not one of a decisive character. Under the head of simplicity, however, the case is very different. If a labourer of the most ordinary capacity were once shown how to open and fill Whitehead's clay-box and which way to turn the handle, it is hardly conceivable five fingers shoes that he could ever after make a mistake, and the strength and simplicity of construction of the whole machine are such as almost to defy wear and tear. Clayton's machine, however, has several additional movements, and is therefore of necessity more complicated, and when the men who work it have become thoroughly acquainted with its action, there must always be a good deal of nicety and exactness required in stopping at the moment that a length of pipes is complete, and in holding the horse in the right position for receiving the tiles. This only applies to the vertical mode of delivery ; but if the horizontal plan be practised, then the height to which the clay must be handed, and the additional labour required in filling small cylinders instead of a large clay-box, vibram five fingers shoes besides the extra cost of the machine, will cause an unfavourable comparison to be drawn between it and ' the prize-implements of Messrs Whitehead and Scragg.The machine invented by Mr. Ainslie made pipes of better quality than any other in the yard. This excellence of manufacture is attained by the forcible compression of the clay between iron rollers, which gives it a more uniform density, and effectually gets rid of the air-bubbles which more or less blister the tiles made by all other machines. Its high price and the slowness of its action must prevent its coming into common use unless much improved, but it would be valuable to any one who was anxious to make a limited number of tiles of very superior quality, regardless mbt sandals of expense.?'

the method of closing and fastening the box-lid is also vibram five fingers well worthy of remark. In this machine there are two racks, by which the great power required to force out the clay is more distributed ; in Scragg's there is only one, and all the strain is on two cogs alone; the fixing the die-plates is most effective and simple; the vibram fivefingers cutting apparatus is very good ; indeed, the machine in all respects is worthy of the prize. Mr. Scragg has made improvements in his cutting apparatus and die-plates, which are very creditable to his ingenuity; and we highly commended his machine, and awarded it a medal.''Mr. Clayton's machine is still on the combined principle of vertical and horizontal. This maker has displayed Mbt shoes clearance a vast deal of patience and ability in the endeavour to perfect an erroneous system—not that a horizontal motion will produce pipes of very large bore so perfect as the vertical, but when it is considered how few pipes of this description are required compared with the vibram five fingers kso smaller sorts, it must at once be seen that a machine which requires the cylinders at all times to be filled from such an elevation, cannot be economical of labour." Franklin's combined plan of pugging, screening, and moulding was shown. The earth was of a description to test its utmost powers; the work was done in good style, but was not expeditious enough to answer.There were ten less of these machines exhibited at Norwich than at York. All the best machines extant were, however, brought forward, and there was no reason to regret the reduction in numbers. The names of Whitehead, Scragg, and Clayton still appear at the head vibram five fingers sale of the list, and with one or two exceptions their machines are the only ones which call for any particular notice. One of these exceptions is the one invented by Mr. Weller, and exhibited by Messrs. Garrett. This machine undoubtedly made very good tiles at a tolerably five fingers shoes  rapid rate ; and had the principle of construction been as good as the workmanship, it would have been very hard to beat, for, as might be supposed from its being in Messrs. Garrett's hands, it was exceedingly well got up and admirably served. It is, however, impossible for skill and zeal on the part of master and man to enable a machine to compete successfully with those on a decidedly better principle; and there are two weak points in this implement, either of which would be conclusive with the present close competition : one is, that it is worked by lever, a very objectionable mode of applying hand-power; and the other, its having cylinders which require to be placed in a different vibram five fingers shoes position for filling to that which they occupy when at work. This necessarily takes up time and complicates the construction, and contrasts unfavourably with the simplicity and substantial character of the fixed clay-box.The case of Mr. Clayton's machine is somewhat similar, and the duty of a reporter becomes painful when it is necessary to point out objections to an implement upon which great labour and mechanical ingenuity have been perseveringly bestowed, and which when first introduced was a decided improvement upon those which mbt sandals had preceded it.