The use of plastics in automobiles

četvrtak , 13.10.2016.

China's auto market has been rapid development in recent years, the frequency of auto product replacement gradually accelerated, the growing number of scrapped cars, recycling market has great potential. Automobile industry is a typical resource-intensive industry, with a long industrial chain, involving a wide range of industry characteristics, but also need to practice green development, attention to the recovery of scrap cars.
To improve the level of recycling technology for end-of-life vehicles has a crucial role in changing the extensive development mode of the scrapped automobile industry, reducing the bearing pressure of the environment and the resource cost of the industry. However, there are still some problems such as the technical level of scrapped vehicle recycling and dismantling in China, the single mode of dismantling business and the unclear responsibility of producer extension, which restricts the transformation and upgrading of the industry and is not conducive to the comprehensive utilization of scraped vehicles. On the whole, the scrap car recycling level is not high mainly by four factors.

First, the regulatory requirements lag, is not conducive to industry development
To curb the assembly vehicle behavior, "scrapped vehicle recycling management approach" (State Council Decree No. 307) requirements, scrapped cars "five assembly" must be destroyed as scrap steel for sale. At the beginning of the enactment of laws and regulations, this requirement is very necessary, but with the development of the situation, this requirement makes some better car scrapped cars "five assembly" can not be re-manufacturing and other ways to re-circulation, Solution enterprise and remanufacturing enterprise development space, is not conducive to scrapped cars get effective recycling.

Second, the lack of producer responsibility, lack of technical support
Developed countries in the automotive industry are required to bear the car manufacturers to scrap the main responsibility for recycling dismantling, to carry out eco-design, dismantling dismantling enterprises to provide technical support to participate in recycling network construction, in order to facilitate the effective recovery of scrapped cars, fine Of dismantling and reuse. However, at present, most automobile manufacturers in our country are not involved in the design of the product's dismantleability, recyclable design consideration, product material identification system implementation is not in place, the actual recycling process for the back-end is not involved.

The use of plastics in automobiles

Third, the establishment of the vehicle scrapped information sharing mechanism, a large number of scrapped cars
At present, China's scrap car recycling dismantling enterprises in accordance with the price of iron and steel scrap for economic compensation, the price is far lower than the price of some informal traders. And most of our provinces and cities for the scrapped the formal retirement of the vehicle has not yet formed the relevant units, "the upper and lower linkage and effective coordination" of the regulatory mechanism, the future should improve the relevant measures to share scrapped information to promote the scrapped cars into the regular recycling channels. For example, for the vehicle to reach the retirement standard limit transfer; in the replacement of new cars, if the owners have scrapped the car under the name of the formal retirement, not on the license and the relevant procedures.

Fourth, the use of high value-added low level of constraints to enhance economic efficiency
At present, China's scrap car recycling is still the main sales of scrap steel, steel prices continue to fall lead to scrap car recycling industry profit level is low, or even into a loss. In addition, the scrapped cars in the recovery of non-metallic materials is also very unsatisfactory, fine separation of the low level of waste of resources is more serious. The sales of reusable parts is the main way to increase the added value of scrapped vehicles. In China, because of the limitation of laws and regulations, the lack of reusable standard and the low market acceptability, the reuse parts have not been effectively used. recycle and re-use.

Car manufacturers for the automotive product structure, material composition, dismantling technology, the best understanding of the producer as the product recovery and recovery of the main responsibility can effectively promote the industrial chain to enhance the level of recycling and reduce the product life cycle of the negative impact of the environment . EU and other developed areas of the automotive industry through the implementation of the automobile industry in the extension of the producer responsibility system, give full play to the producers in the product scrap recycling important role in greatly promoting the effective use of vehicle resources, and significantly reduce the product life cycle Environmental pollution.

The European Union introduced in 2000 2000/53 / EC (ELV directive) introduced the extension of the producer responsibility system, requiring automobile manufacturers to carry out easy recovery, easy dismantling design, limit of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium The use of harmful substances involved in the construction of scrap car recycling network, announced vehicle dismantling technical information. ELV Directive on the extension of responsibility for the production of automotive products, the requirements for improving vehicle recyclability, and promote the collection and recycling of discarded vehicles, reducing the impact of the product has played a significant role in promoting the environment.

China issued in 2015, "the management of hazardous substances and recyclable vehicle requirements" (hereinafter referred to as "management requirements"), provides since January 1, 2016, the M1 class of automotive products lead, mercury, cadmium, six Price of chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other six kinds of hazardous substances and recyclable rate of the implementation of management, and require automobile manufacturers within the prescribed period to dismantle the dismantling of vehicles dismantling dismantling vehicle technology information. "Management requirements" clearly the automotive product manufacturers in hazardous substances with restricted use, recyclable rate control, dismantling information release and other responsibilities for the promotion of China's automobile enterprises to establish and improve the management of hazardous substances and recycling-related security system, Reduce the use of harmful substances, improve the level of recycling can have a positive effect.

Comparing with the successful experience in the polyethylene recycling industry of developed countries such as the European Union, China has not yet put forward definite requirements on the extension of the responsibility of the producers of automobile products, although the regulation of the harmful substances and recyclable rate of automobile products Production enterprises failed to play a major role in the recycling process of scrapped vehicles, participate in the construction of scrapped vehicle recycling system, and then the R & D and application of resource-based technology, the overall level of comprehensive utilization of scrap resources has yet to be improved. China should set up automobile production enterprises as the leading automotive product recycling industry system as soon as possible, implement the producer responsibility extension system, promote the upgrading and transformation of the industry, in order to prepare for the large-scale arrival of scrapped cars.


In view of the problems existing in the recycling of scrapped cars in China, the author thinks that we should proceed from four aspects.
First, from the regulatory level, it is recommended as soon as possible on the "scrapped vehicle recycling management approach" to amend, abolish the scrapped car "five assembly" must be destroyed as scrap steel sales restrictions, while drawing on the experience of developed countries in Europe developed in China Producer responsibility to extend the relevant laws and regulations, clearly the parties to the responsibility for enterprises to extend the responsibility of producers to provide legal basis and guidance.

Second, from the point of view of government management, it is suggested that all management departments should establish the vehicle scrapping information sharing mechanism to restrict and manage the scrapped vehicles entering the informal channels in all links and increase the scrapping rate of the regular channels.


Third, from the perspective of industry linkage, it is suggested that China's auto manufacturers should actively participate in the pilot extension of styrofoam densifier producer responsibility of automobile products, give full play to the leading role of automobile manufacturers, and explore a variety of producer responsibility extensions such as direct recovery, joint recovery, Embodiment.

Fourth, from the perspective of technology upgrading, it is recommended that automobile manufacturers and enterprises engaged in the recycling of end-of-life automobile products should cooperate in the development and application of advanced and applicable technologies for styrofoam recycling and utilization, and establish cooperative mechanisms for automobile manufacturers, recycling enterprises and resource recycling enterprises , Focusing on breaking green car dismantling technology, the old parts remanufacturing technology, automotive reuse of high value-added technology, open up the upstream and downstream industry chain, the real realization of the recycling of waste vehicle resources.

Different charging characteristics of metal and plastic

1. Metal trap
The crushed waste is conveyed through a pipe, and a metal trap is used to separate metal debris having a diameter of 0.75 to 1.2 mm during the conveyance.
2. Electrostatic separator
The mixture is crushed and put into electrostatic separator, which can separate metals such as copper and aluminum by using the different charging characteristics of metal and plastic.This method is suitable for the treatment of metal filled composite materials, cable materials and metallized plastics.
3. Dissolution separation
The plastic coated metal part was immersed in a suspension containing methylene chloride, a nonionic surfactant, paraffin and water to dissolve and separate the plastic coating.

4. Embrittlement separation
So that the mixed metal and plastic waste polystyrene compactor cooling to the brittle temperature of plastic, and then crushed, and then separated by wind sieve separation of metal and plastic.
5. Stripping of the cable sheath
In addition to the above electrostatic separation method, there are two kinds of dry and warm method can make plastic, rubber (including polyethylene) and synthetic rubber and natural rubber, And copper, aluminum wire effective separation.
(1) dry separation: with a far infrared device to the internal heating cable evenly, and then manually peel the skin.
(2) wet separation: the aluminum wire impregnated in the penetrant (surfactant) styrofoam recycling solution, heated to 70-90 degrees after stripping the skin, and then, and then organic solvent several consecutive cleaning, completely remove the tar can be.

EPS is a thermoplastic material

EPS is a thermoplastic material, after heating foam, the volume per cubic decimeter containing 300 to 600 million independent airtight, containing more than 98% of the volume of air, so that it has many features of the structure.
First, thermal insulation performance
EPS has good insulation performance because it consists of completely closed polyhedral-shaped honeycomb structure, honeycomb diameter of 0.08 ~ 0.15mm, honeycomb wall thickness of 0.001mm. EPS consists of about 98% air and 2% polystyrene. Air entrapped in the honeycomb is a poor conductor of heat, and thus the thermal insulation of EPS (insulation) performance plays a decisive role. And other gases containing the foam, the air long-term stay in the honeycomb, so the insulation effect is stable.
(A) thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity depends on density and temperature. EPS thickness decreases, heat radiation transmittance increases, when the thickness is less than 10mm is particularly evident. The water content of the EPS has a significant effect on the thermal conductivity. For every 1% volume of water absorbed, the thermal conductivity increases by 3.4%. Therefore, in any wall structure, the insulation must be kept away from condensate.
As the ambient temperature decreases, the thermal conductivity of the EPS foam will decrease. EPS foam is suitable for low temperature environments. Because the conduction and radiation to varying degrees with the density of the workpiece (ie cell wall thickness) and change, when the EPS density is too large or too small, its thermal conductivity will increase. At room temperature, when the density of EPS foam in the 30 ~ 40kg / m 3, the lowest thermal conductivity.
According to the above characteristics, if we want to choose EPS foam as insulation material, first, the ambient temperature should be less than 75 , the lower the ambient temperature, the lower the thermal conductivity, the better insulation performance. Secondly, we should also choose the density of EPS foam as a thermal insulation material. If we only from the thermal conductivity of the starting, you can choose the density of 30 ~ 40kg / m 3 or so of the EPS foam is better, with the increase in the density of EPS, EPS strength will rise, but the material consumption, cost Will rise. Therefore, we choose the density of EPS foam, we should consider its thermal conductivity, strength and cost of production and many other factors.
It is to be noted that, in addition to the above-mentioned density of the EPS foam, the molecular weight of the EPS (generally expressed as the relative viscosity value), the size of the EPS particles, the degree of adhesion (sintering) after the foaming process, Foam after its own aperture, etc., these factors are also the number of EPS foam plastic thermal conductivity has an impact. Obviously, we require EPS products after molding, the degree of bonding to a good degree of granularity requirements of smaller, and generally optional between 10 to 25 mesh, and should make the particle diameter is relatively uniform. As for the EPS after the pre-made aperture, that is, its internal with the pores, the more detailed the better. The size of EPS beads after pre-emission is mainly related to the process characteristics of EPS raw materials. The fine-grained foamed EPS beads can reduce convection, conduction and radiation heat transfer, so that the EPS bead shaped products can have good thermal insulation properties.
From the above, a variety of EPS raw materials, the thermal conductivity may be slightly different, but the difference is not large.
(B) the use of temperature
The maximum allowable temperature of the EPS foam depends mainly on the time and magnitude of the stress experienced under thermal conditions. Under the premise of not undermine the stress, styrofoam recycling short-term high temperature can reach more than 95 . However, in some cases, such as asphalt spreaders or hot melt adhesives, the contact temperature can be as high as 110 ° C for a short time and EPS foams can be tolerated. As the molding density is increased, the thermal stability is improved, while the maximum allowable temperature does not change. In the absence of any stress, EPS foam can be used at a maximum temperature of 85 .
Polystyrene foam structure is a non-crystalline plastic, from -180  to 95  glass transition temperature does not show a fundamental structural changes, so long-term use at very low temperatures.
Second, the mechanical properties
EPS foam deformation is increased with the load time increases. Only after two days of production can it reach its carrying capacity. The part just emerging from the mold is pressure sensitive because the condensation of steam and residual blowing agent in the cell causes a partial vacuum until the cell is sucked into the air to achieve pressure balance. It is necessary to allow the residual blowing agent to diffuse for a period of time because the blowing agent has a softening effect on the article.
EPS foam is a rigid foam class. In the case of a load, it exhibits viscoelastic properties, which are characteristic of a brittle material. Flexural strength, compressive strength and tensile strength are proportional to the apparent density of EPS foam.
Third, water absorption
Unlike many other foams, EPS foams are not hygroscopic and, even when immersed in water, absorb only a very small amount of water. Since the honeycomb walls are impermeable to water, the water can only move from the fused cells to the tiny cells It is understood that the amount of water absorbed (the amount of water penetrated) depends on the performance and processing conditions (especially when foaming) of EPE foam recycling raw materials during processing. As the density of EPS foam increases, water absorption and water vapor transmission rate decrease, and the diffusion coefficient of water vapor increases. For a certain density of molded parts, the better the sintering between the beads, the greater the water vapor diffusion resistance.

Oznake: EPS foam

INTCO EPS recycling

INTCO EPS is produced by the INTCO group can be made of polystyrene, the company plans to invest in the production of 400,000 tons of polystyrene project can be made, is a project total investment of 25 million US dollars, the new annual output of 120,000 tons can be made (PS), put into operation before the end of August 2004, two plans to start in early 2005, when the output will reach 240,000 tons, three will reach 400,000 tons of output.

 April 16, 2014 the latest offer: INTCO EPS recycling device started about 5 percent, the factory price go flat, the general guidance of ex-factory price of cash reported 13,000 yuan / ton, fire reported 13,400 yuan / ton, to discuss the main transaction, Can offer. Manufacturers can still inventory, take the goods in general.

INTCO EPS Storage Note:
1.EPS storage place should be cool and ventilated good is appropriate, in order to prevent the loss of too fast foaming agent to maintain an appropriate rate, the storage room temperature to 25  the following is better, and often maintain ventilation.
2.EPS contains flammable volatile blowing agent, in the storage state will be alleviated, so the original grain, foam or molded products place is strictly prohibited pyrotechnics, polystyrene recycling machine, static electricity or lightning, in order to avoid danger.
3. As far as possible the use of advanced materials, keep fresh, in order to obtain stable operating conditions and good products.

PET bottle flakes automated cleaning equipment

srijeda , 29.06.2016.

Cleaning and drying of plastic is broken after the necessary process of cleaning process to remove impurities, in preparation for subsequent processing. Currently plastic recycling business waste plastics cleaning mostly using traditional wet cleaning, the cleaning medium is water, that is, with water or water plus detergent for cleaning. Mechanical cleaning can be divided into intermittent wet cleaning, wet cleaning continuous two kinds.

PET bottle washing automation
PET bottle flakes automated cleaning apparatus shown below, the main technical features are: having a certain sorting capability; hot water spray cleaning; partition cleaning, grading filter, to improve the cleaning efficiency of water use.

PET bottle flakes automated cleaning equipment
Automated cleaning equipment consists of two relatively independent unit composed of a vibrating screen to the left of the cleaning means for cleaning PET bottles upfront; the other is on the right there are three relatively independent partition cleaning automatic cleaning device. PET bottle chip first into the shaker vibration cleaning cleaning apparatus for removing larger impurities and foreign matter. Then from the left into the automatic cleaning device through the delivery device, injected into the hot water from the top of the device, the rotation of the screw conveyor PET bottle flakes from the right end of the conveyor, at the same time play a role in turning.
Three separate partitions the lower portion of the tank cleaning wastewater flow filtration device, respectively, three from the left to the right side of the filter device filters into the 400-200Ľm, 200-100Ľm and 100-20Ľm. In order to improve after cleaning water use efficiency, new clean hot water from above the partition means rightmost injected, after cleaning the tank bottom to collect, process and then filtered from the cleaning partition into the middle of the spray, collected in the bottom of the tank again filtration, washing and finally from the leftmost partition injected. Partition leftmost cleaning tank washing water collected below the vibrating screen directly to the cleaning apparatus used for cleaning water.

Integrated continuous cleaning system
Integrated continuous cleaning systems (such as AMUT - WASHING SYSTEM A Mute washing line), and consists of strong washing and rinsing processes. In strong wash step, the friction material washing machine cleaning. Cleaning action is by rotating paddle in strong friction between the debris of implementation. Material feeding is an ongoing process not adjustable, but by adjusting the friction material can be controlled washing machine in which the residence time. In the absence of noise, there is no need to build soundproof room. Friction washing machine out of the water, the paper contains contaminants filtered back to be used in the process.
After strong wash step, there are two order of rinsing tank start rinsing step. By rinsing separated light contaminants (such as paper, non-polyolefin thermoplastics, etc.). Material from the bottom of the tank into the rinse efficient rinse. Light to filter out pollutants, polyolefin materials were floating away. The rinsing tank is also equipped with automatic extraction means and the filtrate was extracted heavy plastic. After a mixed plastics by the centrifugal drying apparatus to store large package. Cleaning part is fully automatic, controlled by the control cabinet.

Decanter sorting, cleaning equipment integration
Decanter sorting, cleaning equipment integration of the overall technical features are: the use of clean water to maintain the flow of the mixed plastic waste in the gravel, metal, glass, paper removal, while the waste plastics will enter the next step of cleaning materials and recycled polystyrene, and in the process, maintain low water consumption, while reducing the wear of the hard material to the apparatus.

Decanter waste plastic sorting, integrated schematic cleaning equipment
Seen from the figure, the integrated device comprises two stirring screw conveyor, a drain line into the system, a feed inlet port and three material settlement. Impurities from waste plastics charging port on the left side of the join, rotary stirring screw conveyor through two two, while transport equipment to the right side, while the water in the cleaning implement.

In this process, the material according to density differences, settlement will take place in a different location of the device. Corresponding to the different materials of the settlement location, device settings, three material settlement mouth. Settlement Settlement for the left side of the mouth gravel, glass, metal and other heavy density materials, settling lower port to connect a screw conveyor for discharging sediment from settling mouth water. Central settlement mouth for pulp slurry sediment, slurry-like substance can not be used due to the auger output, directly connected to the central settlement mouth discharge pipe. The right of settlement mouth for collecting waste plastic particles and debris, settling a port connected to the lower end of the same screw conveyor for discharging sorting, waste plastic material after cleaning.

Centrifugal separation, washing, dewatering equipment integration
Based on conventional centrifuge technology developed by the centrifugal cleaning, sorting, and dewatering integration of waste plastics processing equipment, its technical features are: mixed waste plastic debris will need to deal with in a cleaning water or cleaning fluid, using a high-speed centrifuge rotation of the liquid and waste plastic materials Shuaixiang centrifuge tube wall. Depending on the difference in specific gravity and waste

plastic washing liquid to achieve separation.
Cleaning fluid containing mixed waste plastics cleaning equipment and EPS recycling machine from the left end of the shaft central centrifugal inflow pipe at the outlet of the central outflow to a centrifuge rotor centrifugal chamber under the effect of centrifugal force thrown towards the cylinder wall. In this process, the proportion is greater than the cleaning liquid waste plastic material will be concentrated in the vicinity of the cylinder wall, while the proportion is less than the cleaning liquid waste plastic material in the inside of the cleaning liquid. Spiral centrifuge rotor on the transport of waste plastic materials play a role in specific gravity of the material being conveyed to the right end of the screw conveyor outlet device, a small proportion of the material being conveyed to the left of the exit device. The cleaning liquid is discharged through a centrifuge to remove the material outlet.

Municipal solid waste

Garbage and human hand in hand, and, with the improvement of human production and living standards, the amount of waste is also rapidly growing. According to China Association of recycling of renewable resources accounting, in 2014, the national total municipal solid waste generated 241 million tons. Of which 244 large, medium amount of municipal solid waste generated 168 million tons.

First, the urban and rural solid waste generated in total
Stockpiling from the national total, the country's total municipal solid waste piled up over the years more than 70 million tons, and the annual rate of increase of about 8%. Municipal garbage volume total land area has reached 500 million square meters, equivalent to about 75 acres of arable land. Chinese arable land area is 20 million hectares, equivalent to the national per mu to 3.75 mu of cultivated land have piled MSW, many cities have not found land for garbage dumps and landfills. If we say, away from the city's industrial solid waste in barren country piled up a mountain, then the municipal solid waste generated on the side of residents accumulation, always squeeze in our living space, the formation of "junk Fortress Besieged" dilemma.
In the vast rural areas, according to the China Association of recycling of renewable resources accounting, rural domestic waste, agricultural waste, produced annually by the amount of a conservative estimate of 1.5 million tons. Kitchen large amounts of waste, waste plastic, glass, animal waste accumulation in the village end of the village to form a "garbage village" phenomenon, taking up agricultural land, contaminated soil, groundwater and air.
Second, the status of municipal solid waste, and the proportion of component issues

1, waste Lives
At present, China is relatively backward mode of urban garbage disposal, forming the main landfill, incineration, supplemented by the pattern of the terminal disposal. In 2014, for example, of the national total municipal solid waste produced 240,909,400 tons, of which 122.864 million tons of landfill volume, accounting for 51%; the amount of burning 53 million tons, accounting for 22%; the amount of recovered 65.0454 million tons, accounting for 27%
Figure 1: The 2014 National Waste proportion of urban life

Rural life garbage treatment more behind. In some provinces and established a rural sanitation sector as the main garbage removal system, rural waste collection and landfill. Most rural garbage removal system does not let garbage pile up in the village Murao aging, long-term toxic components in the natural environment fermentation, diffusion, a direct threat to food and food safety.
2, garbage composition ratio
Figure 1 shows, accounting for 27% of MSW recovered (65,045,400 tons) from, primarily those higher market value of renewable resources, such as scrap metal scrap metal, old books newspaper paperboard, plastic bottles (barrels), waste electrical appliances. It recovered some varieties mainly driven by the market, that is, from the army of scavengers in the collection and recycling companies. Enter the terminal disposal ie landfill and incineration of garbage, for a total 175.864 million tons, accounting for 73% of the total amount of municipal waste life.
According to the Guangzhou City Administration Committee Technical Analysis Center analyzed, 73% of this waste is mainly composed of three main types of component configuration (see Figure 2):
The first class, low recyclables (such as waste plastic bags, flexible packaging material, glass, lamp waste batteries, waste textiles, old wood, etc.), accounting for about 40% of the terminal into the disposal of content. This type of large quantities of low-value, also contain certain ingredients and toxic and hazardous substances to the environment has long hidden hazards, but their value is higher than the cost of recycling, picking up the army and recycling companies do not collect all entering into the end of the disposal system, incineration and landfill to cause more stress.
The second category, kitchen waste, accounting for about 40% of the terminal into the disposal of content. This type of big water, residents of mixed cast, difficult to separate into the incineration plant, so that greatly increased the difficulty of burning, improved incineration costs, increased emissions of noxious fumes.
The third category, there is no real use value of garbage that various mixtures, about 20% of the final disposal volume.
Figure 2: low recyclables, food waste and mixed waste scale drawing
3. Problems
Terminal trash disposal causes a large amount of our life, living garbage removal and disposal system mode, there are many problems and difficulties.
First, the garbage mixed delivery. China is still a lack of garbage classification system support system, common people "spectators mentality", less environmental protection and resource recycling awareness level, affecting the residents garbage serving behavior. Various waste mixed bag, to hand to the trash can fling.
Second, mixed garbage collection and transportation. Served by the mixing, resulting in a mixed collection, transportation and recycling of renewable resources is part of business management, garbage removal system is part of the city's sanitation management system, complete separation of the two networks. In the garbage removal system, no garbage collection, transport classification process design, and even some community pilot classification trafficking, but a "after the first sub-mixed" in the collection, transportation process. A large number of low-value recyclable materials entering the landfill and incineration disposal system terminal.
Third, the waste recycling industry chain, the lack of back-end processing and utilization chain to undertake the recycling front end, but also the lack of appropriate support policies support. Especially those low recyclables, which is far greater than the economic value of environmental attributes, relying on the market value of the law is difficult to drive.
Fourth, the current landfill garbage disposal mode exists mainly natural defects, filling up a lot of land, many cities appear to be filled without the embarrassing situation. A Case Study in Guangzhou in 2011, the landfill only a year and a half of capacity, namely 2013, Guangzhou landfill capacity is full, after 2013, Guangzhou find land for landfill . The construction of incineration plant, the investment is too large, medium and small cities generally weak construction and clean burning technology is limited, it will still have some harmful gases. Moreover, a large number of low-value recyclable material burned, the cycle does not comply with resource conservation and development of ideas.
Fifth, agricultural waste vast rural areas, such as agricultural film and straw, since the wide distribution, size canopy loose collection difficulties, large transport costs, the use of high cost, utilization rate, the presence of waste incineration and anywhere phenomena, atmospheric pollution , destroy the soil.
Third, the two network integration is an effective crack pattern garbage siege
1, do a good job classification is an important part of running two network integration
The party's 18 proposed the building of ecological civilization development strategy, the CPC Central Committee put forward the concept of green development in "Thirteen Five" plan proposed, the requirements in "Thirteen Five" period adhere to resource conservation and environmental protection a basic national policy, the green, low carbon cycle development ecological civilization as the basic way to solve the basic requirements of the masses to improve the ecological environment. On December 20, 2015 Zhi 21 meeting of the central city work conference, proposed to continuously improve the quality of urban environment, urban garbage treatment facilities in accordance with the concept of low-carbon green cycle planning and construction. The center of this development strategy and spirit, requires us to enhance the promotion of urban and rural living environment, and promotion of urban and rural garbage disposal mode, to find a breakthrough, "junk Besieged City" and "garbage village" way, urban and rural residents returned to a blue sky, green , clean water, clean air of the ecological environment.
Breakthrough "junk Besieged City", the key "garbage village" to solve the problem of urban and rural environment, is living garbage reduction and recycling, to enter the terminal disposal accounted for 40% and 40% low recyclables meal kitchen waste is separated from the garbage out, was incorporated into the recycling track to become the recycling of renewable resources, thus reducing the real garbage disposal into the terminal to 20% (see Figure 2), to minimize the amount of landfill and incineration .
Referring to the experience of Guangzhou, to achieve solid waste reduction and recycling, it is necessary to establish a "classification delivery, collection, sorting transport, sorting process" garbage disposal system. Guangzhou prove several years of practice, which is more scientific and reasonable garbage recycling system. In this system, the classification is the first part of running all aspects of the impact of the back can be. The renewable resource recycling network and sanitation systems of garbage highly integrated network, formed two wheels co-operation, this system is to support the effective operation of the key.
2, part of the five daily rubbish carrying system
Establish a "classified placing, collection, transportation classification, classification" garbage disposal system, the implementation of the "two network integration", including the following five major aspects:
1, the first clear principles and solid waste disposal technology roadmap. OK "first reduction, separation and recycling, resource utilization, harmless after incineration, biological treatment, final landfill," the garbage processing technology route for garbage management system combing the whole process, summarize, sanitation systems integration, regeneration functional resources system, clear job content of each link, the functions of the departments to build garbage classification management of the whole process of design, promote joint cooperation in all departments, most notably to promote urban sanitation systems and supply and marketing cooperative renewable resource recycling system linkage, also to mobilize publicity, business, development and reform, streets, communities, property and other departmental interaction.
2, the establishment of classified traffic patterns. Using a variety of measures to promote its reward, punishment, etc., to guide residents to serve garbage classification. For example, the Guangzhou municipal government to determine the "sell and sell them individually put harmful, to separate wet" garbage classification principles in more than 780 communities "regular fixed" Waste Classification pilot, into the garbage can recyclables, food waste, hazardous waste and other garbage and other four categories, set the corresponding delivery containers, guide, constraints residents classified according to specifications serving garbage. Guangzhou City, the supply and marketing cooperative renewable resource recycling network system of garbage removal and sanitation network integration, set up more than 3100 recyclables Recycle Bin (point) in the city, the Recycle Bin (points) and RCP merge settings. City Sanitation compressor stations and supply and marketing cooperatives also next to a refuse transfer station supporting the establishment of renewable resources, the transfer station, a professional or a combination of renewable resources sorting centers in the street (town), traditional renewable resource recycling and garbage removal site on function points integration, to achieve low garbage and recyclables collection, storage and transportation.
3, the establishment of separate collection, transportation system, change a mixed close for the collection, transportation and transportation. Guangzhou is the practice of doing this: In terms of urban life garbage removal by the municipal government funded the purchase of 454 sets of special transport vehicles and food waste hazardous waste transport vehicles designed to optimize the collection, transportation lines 704, upgrading compressor stations 91 the establishment of temporary hazardous waste repository 60, to strengthen the supervision and management of hazardous waste, the classification of category serving garbage collection, transportation. In perfect rural garbage removal system, the Guangzhou 36 townships have been completed, "a town of a station (compressor station)" building, 6268 villages basically built a more standardized garbage collection points, established a "family tree, village collection, town, transportation, city (district) process "rural waste collection and transportation system. In close co-operation mechanism, Guangzhou City, supply and marketing cooperatives to community recycling site free to the sanitation workers to use, low-value recyclable materials from the collection, transportation and urban collection and classification system transportation, supply and marketing cooperatives at market prices by the acquisition of renewable resources companies, recycling business and government sharing related costs. Supply and marketing cooperatives to government subsidies for low-value recyclables $ 90 per ton allocated to sorting and polyethylene foam recycling, processing chain. Residents, sanitation workers, businesses and other shared interests, including sanitation workers increased revenue collection, transportation and recyclable materials, the supply and marketing companies to reduce transportation costs, to achieve a win-win situation.

4, the establishment of classification system. Trafficking is the source classification, collection, transportation is pivoted handcuffs, classification is the goal. Guangzhou approach is: in low recyclables recycling aspects, the municipal supply and marketing cooperatives building three waste glass recycling processing center, a plastic waste (bags) resource processing projects, four wood processing waste recycling center, a bulky waste dismantling furniture and garden center waste recycling center, waste glass, waste plastic, waste wood, old furniture and garden waste and other recyclables low dismantling, processing and recycling . Supply and Marketing Cooperative of these projects to ensure that the separated recyclables have low place. At the same time, supply and marketing cooperatives also developed the "Internet +" community garbage collection model, using the APP mobile platform, the residents garbage time designated delivery points and booking on-site recycling. In the solid waste resource harmless treatment facilities construction, Guangzhou City, the new incineration plant or is about to start building seven, nine food waste treatment facilities. By the end of "Thirteen Five", the Guangzhou daily garbage incineration capacity will reach 16,000 tons of food waste daily processing capacity of 4800 tons.
5, the establishment of a policy support system. Waste Classification involving thousands of families, which requires the government out of propaganda and guidance, but also the introduction of binding legislation to regulate and constraints on public garbage serving behavior. In the recycling aspect, since the low market value of recyclable materials alone is difficult to drive the law, the government must compensate for the introduction of fiscal measures to support low recyclables sorting process can be run continuously. Guangzhou municipal government has issued "on the improvement of domestic waste classification system for handling system program of work", "Guangzhou garbage classification regulations", "Guangzhou buy low recyclables recycling service management pilot scheme." These policies, objectives garbage classification management principles, requirements, methods, obligations and rights to regulate and manage the whole process, in order to determine the reduction of solid waste for the purpose of metering charge ladder, as well as ecological compensation measures restricting excessive packaging management Interim Measures, etc., has introduced a low-value recyclable materials to give 90 yuan per ton subsidy as a government purchase business recycling service standards to encourage renewable resource recycling enterprises to enter the front-end garbage styrofoam recycling business.

Fourth, integration of the two networks is feasible path leap transformation of renewable resources

In recent years, China's economic development has entered a new normal, traditional industry structure adjustment, eliminate backward production capacity surplus, shrinking demand for commodities, coupled with the influence of international bulk prices lower, the main varieties of domestic renewable resources, prices fell an average loss of more than 50% scrap even down the price of cabbage. Coupled with rising labor costs, heavier tax burden, renewable resources, a substantial decline in economic efficiency of enterprises, the industry into the history of the most difficult stage, resulting in a large number of industries and enterprises shut down or quit, quit rate of close to 20%, at least 200 million migrant workers no longer engaged in the renewable resources sector, return to the rural unemployed. 2016, 2017 renewable resource industry still remains in the doldrums, woeful.
In this grim situation, the urgent need to upgrade the industry of renewable resources, from a simple focus on the use of resources and environmental services to the resource utilization both in transition from traditional to renewable resources, new business transformation service provider in the field of environmental protection. Through restructuring, the role of renewable resources companies and value repositioning get new living space for development.
1, to carry out low-value recyclable materials in line with the utilization of renewable resources industry targeting public property. Low value of recyclable materials, recovery and resource utilization, involving urban and rural living environment, because it is labor-intensive, also related to employment and income in the bottom of migrant workers, which has a significant social welfare attributes. Under the new normal economy, renewable resources sector social welfare and environmental properties property has been greater than resource properties. The implementation of two network integration, to carry out low-value recyclable materials, recovery and resource utilization of renewable resources industry responsibility. Supply and marketing cooperatives have the unique Chinese characteristics, organization and service system, tissue components pluralistic, diversified asset composition, the nature of special status, reflected in both the party and government policy guidance, but also to bear public service entrusted by the government. Moreover, the supply and marketing cooperatives have established a recycling network covering urban and rural, has accumulated a wealth of experience in the industry of renewable resources. Thus, the inevitable choice to carry recyclables low resource utilization is normal under the new city supply and marketing cooperatives function orientation. Of course, other companies are also renewable resources qualified and participatory basis.
2, low resource utilization of recyclable materials can contribute to the front-end garbage reduction. The fundamental purpose of garbage is that the use of only the rear end of the use of open channels, and establish a recycling processing, recycling industry chain, so that the front end out of the classification place low resources can be used to promote and sustain long-term motivation tip classification. We must comply with the law of industrial development, the establishment of both a break from the key, and run to explore various aspects of organic coordination mechanism to form a complete classification, recycling, processing, utilization of industrial chain, in order to ensure solid waste reduction and recycling system continuous operation. Established back-end processing and utilization of industrial chain, it is renewable resources, the company's business long term.
3, the industrial chain convergence garbage classification and resource utilization of renewable resources new development path. Low-value recyclables miscellaneous category, quantity, is garbage reduction priorities and difficulties. Guangzhou municipal government on low recycling of recyclable materials, subsidies of 90 yuan per ton, encourage third parties to buy government services to carry out PPP cooperation model. Guangzhou has a policy to promote the country's replicability. Renewable resources for enterprises in the new economic normal, traditional varieties shrinking market, prices, business is very difficult. Low recycling recyclables is a chain, a complete industrial chain of organic links. Renewable resources business through the integration of two networks, the purchase of government services, garbage classification and recycling the industrial chain convergence, both to improve the quality of the urban environment, but also access to land and financial support of local government preferential policies, open up the situation in the industry remains in the doldrums new development path, to achieve environmental protection enterprises restructuring and upgrading.
4, "two network integration" is an effective means of mobilizing local financial support for the initiative. Currently, the national tax policy to "Camp changed to increase" as the main content is being implemented, the central order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of local government finance, special transfer payments in the initial reduction, including the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce, "the central government to promote the development of service industry special funds management approach "in subsidies objects and content have great adjustment, the original fixed proportion of direct subsidies of renewable resources sector, on the future allocation varies greatly, independent places allocated increasing margins . How effective means to participate in the distribution of these funds in the past, we should focus on consideration. "Two network integration" provides just an opportunity. Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other large cities, due to the strong local financial resources, high population concentration, and high disposal costs, determine the "two network integration" will be the first in the city to promote the formation of a mature mode and then to other cities promotion.
Conclusion: urban and rural garbage disposal mode, a lot of talk in the industry to explore. With the "junk Besieged City", "garbage village" more and more serious, put in garbage classification, separation and recovery, implementation of the "two-network integration" imperative. Perhaps the two convergence is not necessarily the best way, but this model has emerged, after all, in some places (such as Guangzhou) to promote the convergence of the two practices have to really reduce the amount of garbage disposal terminal, promoting low recyclables resource utilization, achieved some experience and results, and had to copy and learn from the model. We hope that in practice, this model can go farther.

The world's largest garbage village

Guiyu city, the world's largest "garbage village", the annual processing of garbage ten million tons, of which the proportion of occupied phone increased year by year. Garbage where it is disassembled, sorted, and then extract the gold, copper and other precious metals, forming a huge and hidden interests of the chain, threatening the health of local people.
The world's largest "e-waste village" Guiyu, located in Guangdong's Shantou City Chaonan, eastern Lianjiangzhong West Bank, a low-lying central zone, is a serious waterlogging area, agricultural production is not guaranteed. It was once the hub of one of the Chaoshan area waterway, the waterway has now abandoned, before the development of e-waste industry is not, get out of Guiyu's economy has been predicament. The picture shows the December 13, 2005, Guiyu, polluted rivers showing a dark green or black, with all kinds of garbage floating on the surface.
Long-term poverty Guiyu involved in the dismantling of waste electronic products business, and gradually expand the scale, formed a complete industrial chain from recycling, dismantling, processing and marketing of electronic waste. By 2005, e-waste disposal industry in Guiyu town cottage 5500, employing over 60,000 people, the annual production value of nearly 10 billion yuan, accounting for more than 90% of the town's total industrial output value, taxes paid 10 million yuan .Guiyu e-waste has become a pillar industry and the local population's main source of income. Pictured in 2005, e-waste workshop workers remove waste from wastewater.
In the 21st century, the mobile phone has become one of the fastest change of electronic products. Statistics show that Chinese people to replace the phone's frequency is 8-12 months. 2014 China out of 400 million mobile phones. Parts of old mobile phones, in particular hazardous substances contained in old batteries released in the process, contaminate soil and groundwater. Although the Chinese mobile phone replacement rate quickly, but only 10% of the mobile phone is clearly not keep the phone updated recovery rate. Pictured in December 2005, Guiyu, local children looking for "Toys" in piles of electronic waste.
With the rapid development of e-waste industry in Guiyu, suffered a serious pollution of local rivers, people living water has become the number one problem. Local residents need to "Hei" edge clothes, then go home with well water filter again. The picture shows the December 13, 2005, a working woman carrying a baby in "Hei" edge clothes, another girl for her umbrella against the rain.
In fact, local groundwater can not drink, just hit up the well water is clean, but will soon become brown red. Apart from a small portion of the local people attracted tap installed elsewhere, most people rely on to buy the flow of clean water from water tankers for drinking. At the same time, kidney stones to become one of the most common local diseases. As early as 2003, "Green Peace" organization of joint Sun Yat-sen on the industrial scale, the environment and labor relations like Guiyu conducted a large-scale research. Reported that due to the heavy metals exceeded, then the vast majority of Guiyu surface water and shallow groundwater are not drinking tap water combined with a very narrow c

overage, local people need to buy water to drink. Water transport industry has also become one of the important local industry. Pictured in 2005, residents of the town of Guiyu in front of the flow of water tankers to buy.
Guiyu, a large number of fields had been enclosed electronic waste is discarded, used for factories, warehouses, or e-waste dumps. Until a renovation, the daily evening, the fields will rise Guiyu billowing black smoke. It is reported that workers burning smoke electronic boards and other electronic waste caused by the metal which is to take down. Pictured in December 2005, Guiyu, someone in the field of e-waste burning, black smoke billowing. On the other hand, styrofoam recycling and polystyrene compactor is necessary.
According to the survey "Green Peace" organization of sampling, including lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, PVC plastics, brominated flame retardants, including six hazardous substances have infiltrated into the local soil and groundwater. Pictured in 2005, Guiyu, a worker in the field edge burning useless plastic waste, ignited a raging fire.
In recent years, the local government's request, the villagers in the contamination of fields planted with crops basis again. In fact, located in the "waterlogging zone" Guiyu is not suitable for agricultural production, which is to become one of the root causes of global Guiyu e-waste village. The picture shows the June 2, 2016, Guiyu circular economy industrial park, industrial park next to a farm.
Currently, each year receives millions of Guiyu to nearly 10 million tons of e-waste. Wherein the mobile phones, computers and other electronic products rapid alternation accounted for the bulk. The picture shows the June 2, 2016, was full of electronic garbage Guiyu circular economy industrial park, plant.
According to a survey in 2003, more than 80 percent of the time in Guiyu families large or small business related to e-waste industry business. As the local fiscal revenue in 1990, almost all from the dismantling, the local government is also supporting the development of dismantling industry. This is one important reason for the e-waste industry in the 1990s can be rapid development. The picture shows the June 4, 2016, Guiyu circular economy industrial park, workers burn plate on the hearth.
All along, the local government to the problem of pollution in Guiyu repeatedly banned: You can not use direct heating methods dismantling circuit boards, can not extract the precious metal pickling, e-waste can not be incinerated. However, the ban did not prevent contamination persists. Until 2012, a specially formulated "Shantou Guiyu area of electronic waste pollution comprehensive treatment plan" promulgate environmental pollution Guiyu e-waste industry for the problems caused by the official start of widespread attention. The picture shows the June 2, 2016, Guiyu, the industrial park after the piled garbage dump e-waste and garbage next to the farmland.
In 2012, Guiyu Circular Economy Industrial Park project started, several local environmental assessment did not meet the cottage is banned. The picture shows the June 5, 2016, on the way into the Guiyu, covered with various banners.
Today, due to the limited and expensive than rents outside the park and so the number of manufacturers Guiyu circular economy industrial park can accommodate the problem, outside the park still exists a small number of private workshops, walk in the industry, "gray areas."
Guiyu surrounding area is hilly, baking board, garbage incineration produces harmful gases and suspended solids, it is difficult and dispersed by the natural flow of air, resulting in air quality throughout the Guiyu region is very poor. One of the serious harm caused, those with weakened immune systems of children as one of the largest group of victims of respiratory diseases. The picture shows the June 4, 2016, Guiyu circular economy industrial park, a ride through the work of the workers abandoned factory.
In 2002, Guiyu e-waste industry coincided with the rapid development, there have been reports that "the results of the local hospitals on a village of Guiyu student physical examination showed that more than 80 percent of the students suffering from respiratory diseases, and another five students were confirmed suffering from leukemia. "this conclusion has also been confirmed by other research report later. According to a study published in 2010, the report shows that Guiyu 6 years of age children in rural areas have 81.8% are suffering from lead poisoning symptoms, but its source is likely to be generated by the circuit board fragmentation lead dust or melting lead solder to extract gold, copper and other precious and semi-precious metals brought about by pollution. Today, photographers go to interview and photograph for each local people have become very cautious, to avoid talking about issues related to environmental protection.
Career choice to personal health, e-waste from industry affecting every Language Guiyu locals and outsiders. Currently, the total population of about 20 million people in the town of Guiyu, the foreign population of about 20 million people, career choices between them rarely overlap. A survey shows that most of the locals Guiyu factory owners, workshop owners, small business operators, and the main content of the foreign population is e-waste dismantling, handling, cargo or passenger tricycle pull, and a very small portion of the small business operations. The picture shows the June 2, 2016, focused on dismantling market Guiyu circular economy industrial park, everywhere filled with electronic waste sacks.
In the process of dismantling e-waste, the biggest damage to workers' health is a circuit board processing. Processing circuit boards, circuit boards need to be directly above the fire to get baking, until the board is heated to soften, then pliers various elements of the wafer board, capacitors and other recyclable removed. Board softened by heating, the process will release a pungent smell of harmful gases, cause direct harm to the human body.

the main material of plastic beer bottles

Summer has arrived, how fun is to a bottle of cold beer ah! Needless to say, I am sure you know that the traditional beer bottle packaging materials for the first generation and second generation of glass bottles aluminum cans, as people within the industry, when we can drink beer in plastic bottles ?
As a beer bottle packaging materials, the performance required to meet the following requirements:

Carbon dioxide overflow rate is lower, in order to maintain the taste. General provisions carbon dioxide 120 days overflow rate of less than 5%.
Oxygen and light beer is extremely sensitive, requiring oxygen penetration rate is low, in order to prevent deterioration, in order to increase shelf life. General provisions penetration rate of less than 120 days 10-6g; specific provisions of different countries present, generally 120 days, but 110 days for the United States, the European requirements for up to 180 days.
Temperature resistant material to withstand a beer bottle pasteurization temperature pasteurization temperature is generally 75 ~ 80 , the processing time is 15 minutes. In addition, it can withstand high temperature heat-resisting temperature even after the wash cycle, generally 75 ~ 80  under with lye cleaning.
Have sufficient rigidity to withstand the canning operation and laying laminate.
Absolutely non-toxic, can not contain harmful substances.
Easy to scratch hard surface to ensure that can be recycled.
Transparency, and transparency is generally greater than 80% or more, to ensure that the packaging is clearly visible, in order to increase consumer desire to buy.

Waste bottles can be recycled, so as not to be discarded in nature to pollute the environment.
Compared with the traditional beer packaging materials, plastic beer bottles have the following characteristics:
Light quality - easy to carry, save transportation costs; the relative density of only glass bottles of 12 or so, and the thickness of the plastic beer bottle beer bottle glass thickness of only 12 or so, so its total weight is only about 14 bottles .
Unbreakable - plastic beer bottles with high impact properties, or collide with each other after the fall from the car filled with beer will not be broken, and in the cold winter will be, too, can greatly reduce the beer during storage and transport losses.
Easy to Explode - plastic bottles with good pressure resistance, under the pressure of its bottled beer explosion zero chance, can effectively protect the safety of human life. Traditional glass of beer there are security risks, which not only threaten the safety of consumers, but also caused enormous psychological burden and damages to the beer producer. Plastic beer bottles to ensure safety of personnel, health beer bottle packaging materials.
Switch freely - convenient intermittent drinking.

Currently the main material of plastic beer bottles
All aspects of pure PET material is pure PET are good, and the low price of pure PET, but in the heat resistance, strength, barrier properties, etc. can not fully meet the requirements of a beer bottle, scratch resistance is not good.
Pure PEN material compared with PET, PEN in barrier properties and heat resistance can fully meet both beer packaging performance requirements, its oxygen barrier six times higher than that of PET, for CO2 barrier is 4.5 times higher than that of PET, temperature can be increased to 118 , suitable for high-temperature sterilization. PEN is by far the most suitable heat canned beer bottle packaging materials, but the price is higher than PET PEN more than five times higher than the current market, although a small amount of pure PEN beer bottle applications, it is difficult to popularize.

§ PET blends modified material is incorporated into the blend of PET barrier higher than other barrier in PET resin. Blended resin commonly used varieties of PEN, MXD6, EVOH, LCP, among PEN barrier six times higher than PET, EVOH barrier 100 times higher than the PET, MXD6 barrier 20 times higher than that of PET, LCP barrier high than PET 200 times.

We can not drink beer in plastic bottles, what is the reason?

Currently plastic beer bottle technology is mature, large-scale promotion is not a technical issue. In other countries, North America, Budweiser (Budweiser), Eagle (SoaringEagle) and other well-known beer brands have begun to use PET bottles. Mainly in the domestic price and recyclable issues. Bottle price is about 0.5 yuan, and can be recycled. The high price of plastic beer bottles, wherein the composite, blending, coating PET bottle price in more than $ 1, and can not be recycled. Higher prices PEN beer bottle, reaching about 1.5 to 2 yuan, the reasons for the PEN material to be imported, five times the price of raw materials of PET.