Municipal solid waste

srijeda , 29.06.2016.

Garbage and human hand in hand, and, with the improvement of human production and living standards, the amount of waste is also rapidly growing. According to China Association of recycling of renewable resources accounting, in 2014, the national total municipal solid waste generated 241 million tons. Of which 244 large, medium amount of municipal solid waste generated 168 million tons.

First, the urban and rural solid waste generated in total
Stockpiling from the national total, the country's total municipal solid waste piled up over the years more than 70 million tons, and the annual rate of increase of about 8%. Municipal garbage volume total land area has reached 500 million square meters, equivalent to about 75 acres of arable land. Chinese arable land area is 20 million hectares, equivalent to the national per mu to 3.75 mu of cultivated land have piled MSW, many cities have not found land for garbage dumps and landfills. If we say, away from the city's industrial solid waste in barren country piled up a mountain, then the municipal solid waste generated on the side of residents accumulation, always squeeze in our living space, the formation of "junk Fortress Besieged" dilemma.
In the vast rural areas, according to the China Association of recycling of renewable resources accounting, rural domestic waste, agricultural waste, produced annually by the amount of a conservative estimate of 1.5 million tons. Kitchen large amounts of waste, waste plastic, glass, animal waste accumulation in the village end of the village to form a "garbage village" phenomenon, taking up agricultural land, contaminated soil, groundwater and air.
Second, the status of municipal solid waste, and the proportion of component issues

1, waste Lives
At present, China is relatively backward mode of urban garbage disposal, forming the main landfill, incineration, supplemented by the pattern of the terminal disposal. In 2014, for example, of the national total municipal solid waste produced 240,909,400 tons, of which 122.864 million tons of landfill volume, accounting for 51%; the amount of burning 53 million tons, accounting for 22%; the amount of recovered 65.0454 million tons, accounting for 27%
Figure 1: The 2014 National Waste proportion of urban life

Rural life garbage treatment more behind. In some provinces and established a rural sanitation sector as the main garbage removal system, rural waste collection and landfill. Most rural garbage removal system does not let garbage pile up in the village Murao aging, long-term toxic components in the natural environment fermentation, diffusion, a direct threat to food and food safety.
2, garbage composition ratio
Figure 1 shows, accounting for 27% of MSW recovered (65,045,400 tons) from, primarily those higher market value of renewable resources, such as scrap metal scrap metal, old books newspaper paperboard, plastic bottles (barrels), waste electrical appliances. It recovered some varieties mainly driven by the market, that is, from the army of scavengers in the collection and recycling companies. Enter the terminal disposal ie landfill and incineration of garbage, for a total 175.864 million tons, accounting for 73% of the total amount of municipal waste life.
According to the Guangzhou City Administration Committee Technical Analysis Center analyzed, 73% of this waste is mainly composed of three main types of component configuration (see Figure 2):
The first class, low recyclables (such as waste plastic bags, flexible packaging material, glass, lamp waste batteries, waste textiles, old wood, etc.), accounting for about 40% of the terminal into the disposal of content. This type of large quantities of low-value, also contain certain ingredients and toxic and hazardous substances to the environment has long hidden hazards, but their value is higher than the cost of recycling, picking up the army and recycling companies do not collect all entering into the end of the disposal system, incineration and landfill to cause more stress.
The second category, kitchen waste, accounting for about 40% of the terminal into the disposal of content. This type of big water, residents of mixed cast, difficult to separate into the incineration plant, so that greatly increased the difficulty of burning, improved incineration costs, increased emissions of noxious fumes.
The third category, there is no real use value of garbage that various mixtures, about 20% of the final disposal volume.
Figure 2: low recyclables, food waste and mixed waste scale drawing
3. Problems
Terminal trash disposal causes a large amount of our life, living garbage removal and disposal system mode, there are many problems and difficulties.
First, the garbage mixed delivery. China is still a lack of garbage classification system support system, common people "spectators mentality", less environmental protection and resource recycling awareness level, affecting the residents garbage serving behavior. Various waste mixed bag, to hand to the trash can fling.
Second, mixed garbage collection and transportation. Served by the mixing, resulting in a mixed collection, transportation and recycling of renewable resources is part of business management, garbage removal system is part of the city's sanitation management system, complete separation of the two networks. In the garbage removal system, no garbage collection, transport classification process design, and even some community pilot classification trafficking, but a "after the first sub-mixed" in the collection, transportation process. A large number of low-value recyclable materials entering the landfill and incineration disposal system terminal.
Third, the waste recycling industry chain, the lack of back-end processing and utilization chain to undertake the recycling front end, but also the lack of appropriate support policies support. Especially those low recyclables, which is far greater than the economic value of environmental attributes, relying on the market value of the law is difficult to drive.
Fourth, the current landfill garbage disposal mode exists mainly natural defects, filling up a lot of land, many cities appear to be filled without the embarrassing situation. A Case Study in Guangzhou in 2011, the landfill only a year and a half of capacity, namely 2013, Guangzhou landfill capacity is full, after 2013, Guangzhou find land for landfill . The construction of incineration plant, the investment is too large, medium and small cities generally weak construction and clean burning technology is limited, it will still have some harmful gases. Moreover, a large number of low-value recyclable material burned, the cycle does not comply with resource conservation and development of ideas.
Fifth, agricultural waste vast rural areas, such as agricultural film and straw, since the wide distribution, size canopy loose collection difficulties, large transport costs, the use of high cost, utilization rate, the presence of waste incineration and anywhere phenomena, atmospheric pollution , destroy the soil.
Third, the two network integration is an effective crack pattern garbage siege
1, do a good job classification is an important part of running two network integration
The party's 18 proposed the building of ecological civilization development strategy, the CPC Central Committee put forward the concept of green development in "Thirteen Five" plan proposed, the requirements in "Thirteen Five" period adhere to resource conservation and environmental protection a basic national policy, the green, low carbon cycle development ecological civilization as the basic way to solve the basic requirements of the masses to improve the ecological environment. On December 20, 2015 Zhi 21 meeting of the central city work conference, proposed to continuously improve the quality of urban environment, urban garbage treatment facilities in accordance with the concept of low-carbon green cycle planning and construction. The center of this development strategy and spirit, requires us to enhance the promotion of urban and rural living environment, and promotion of urban and rural garbage disposal mode, to find a breakthrough, "junk Besieged City" and "garbage village" way, urban and rural residents returned to a blue sky, green , clean water, clean air of the ecological environment.
Breakthrough "junk Besieged City", the key "garbage village" to solve the problem of urban and rural environment, is living garbage reduction and recycling, to enter the terminal disposal accounted for 40% and 40% low recyclables meal kitchen waste is separated from the garbage out, was incorporated into the recycling track to become the recycling of renewable resources, thus reducing the real garbage disposal into the terminal to 20% (see Figure 2), to minimize the amount of landfill and incineration .
Referring to the experience of Guangzhou, to achieve solid waste reduction and recycling, it is necessary to establish a "classification delivery, collection, sorting transport, sorting process" garbage disposal system. Guangzhou prove several years of practice, which is more scientific and reasonable garbage recycling system. In this system, the classification is the first part of running all aspects of the impact of the back can be. The renewable resource recycling network and sanitation systems of garbage highly integrated network, formed two wheels co-operation, this system is to support the effective operation of the key.
2, part of the five daily rubbish carrying system
Establish a "classified placing, collection, transportation classification, classification" garbage disposal system, the implementation of the "two network integration", including the following five major aspects:
1, the first clear principles and solid waste disposal technology roadmap. OK "first reduction, separation and recycling, resource utilization, harmless after incineration, biological treatment, final landfill," the garbage processing technology route for garbage management system combing the whole process, summarize, sanitation systems integration, regeneration functional resources system, clear job content of each link, the functions of the departments to build garbage classification management of the whole process of design, promote joint cooperation in all departments, most notably to promote urban sanitation systems and supply and marketing cooperative renewable resource recycling system linkage, also to mobilize publicity, business, development and reform, streets, communities, property and other departmental interaction.
2, the establishment of classified traffic patterns. Using a variety of measures to promote its reward, punishment, etc., to guide residents to serve garbage classification. For example, the Guangzhou municipal government to determine the "sell and sell them individually put harmful, to separate wet" garbage classification principles in more than 780 communities "regular fixed" Waste Classification pilot, into the garbage can recyclables, food waste, hazardous waste and other garbage and other four categories, set the corresponding delivery containers, guide, constraints residents classified according to specifications serving garbage. Guangzhou City, the supply and marketing cooperative renewable resource recycling network system of garbage removal and sanitation network integration, set up more than 3100 recyclables Recycle Bin (point) in the city, the Recycle Bin (points) and RCP merge settings. City Sanitation compressor stations and supply and marketing cooperatives also next to a refuse transfer station supporting the establishment of renewable resources, the transfer station, a professional or a combination of renewable resources sorting centers in the street (town), traditional renewable resource recycling and garbage removal site on function points integration, to achieve low garbage and recyclables collection, storage and transportation.
3, the establishment of separate collection, transportation system, change a mixed close for the collection, transportation and transportation. Guangzhou is the practice of doing this: In terms of urban life garbage removal by the municipal government funded the purchase of 454 sets of special transport vehicles and food waste hazardous waste transport vehicles designed to optimize the collection, transportation lines 704, upgrading compressor stations 91 the establishment of temporary hazardous waste repository 60, to strengthen the supervision and management of hazardous waste, the classification of category serving garbage collection, transportation. In perfect rural garbage removal system, the Guangzhou 36 townships have been completed, "a town of a station (compressor station)" building, 6268 villages basically built a more standardized garbage collection points, established a "family tree, village collection, town, transportation, city (district) process "rural waste collection and transportation system. In close co-operation mechanism, Guangzhou City, supply and marketing cooperatives to community recycling site free to the sanitation workers to use, low-value recyclable materials from the collection, transportation and urban collection and classification system transportation, supply and marketing cooperatives at market prices by the acquisition of renewable resources companies, recycling business and government sharing related costs. Supply and marketing cooperatives to government subsidies for low-value recyclables $ 90 per ton allocated to sorting and polyethylene foam recycling, processing chain. Residents, sanitation workers, businesses and other shared interests, including sanitation workers increased revenue collection, transportation and recyclable materials, the supply and marketing companies to reduce transportation costs, to achieve a win-win situation.

4, the establishment of classification system. Trafficking is the source classification, collection, transportation is pivoted handcuffs, classification is the goal. Guangzhou approach is: in low recyclables recycling aspects, the municipal supply and marketing cooperatives building three waste glass recycling processing center, a plastic waste (bags) resource processing projects, four wood processing waste recycling center, a bulky waste dismantling furniture and garden center waste recycling center, waste glass, waste plastic, waste wood, old furniture and garden waste and other recyclables low dismantling, processing and recycling . Supply and Marketing Cooperative of these projects to ensure that the separated recyclables have low place. At the same time, supply and marketing cooperatives also developed the "Internet +" community garbage collection model, using the APP mobile platform, the residents garbage time designated delivery points and booking on-site recycling. In the solid waste resource harmless treatment facilities construction, Guangzhou City, the new incineration plant or is about to start building seven, nine food waste treatment facilities. By the end of "Thirteen Five", the Guangzhou daily garbage incineration capacity will reach 16,000 tons of food waste daily processing capacity of 4800 tons.
5, the establishment of a policy support system. Waste Classification involving thousands of families, which requires the government out of propaganda and guidance, but also the introduction of binding legislation to regulate and constraints on public garbage serving behavior. In the recycling aspect, since the low market value of recyclable materials alone is difficult to drive the law, the government must compensate for the introduction of fiscal measures to support low recyclables sorting process can be run continuously. Guangzhou municipal government has issued "on the improvement of domestic waste classification system for handling system program of work", "Guangzhou garbage classification regulations", "Guangzhou buy low recyclables recycling service management pilot scheme." These policies, objectives garbage classification management principles, requirements, methods, obligations and rights to regulate and manage the whole process, in order to determine the reduction of solid waste for the purpose of metering charge ladder, as well as ecological compensation measures restricting excessive packaging management Interim Measures, etc., has introduced a low-value recyclable materials to give 90 yuan per ton subsidy as a government purchase business recycling service standards to encourage renewable resource recycling enterprises to enter the front-end garbage styrofoam recycling business.

Fourth, integration of the two networks is feasible path leap transformation of renewable resources

In recent years, China's economic development has entered a new normal, traditional industry structure adjustment, eliminate backward production capacity surplus, shrinking demand for commodities, coupled with the influence of international bulk prices lower, the main varieties of domestic renewable resources, prices fell an average loss of more than 50% scrap even down the price of cabbage. Coupled with rising labor costs, heavier tax burden, renewable resources, a substantial decline in economic efficiency of enterprises, the industry into the history of the most difficult stage, resulting in a large number of industries and enterprises shut down or quit, quit rate of close to 20%, at least 200 million migrant workers no longer engaged in the renewable resources sector, return to the rural unemployed. 2016, 2017 renewable resource industry still remains in the doldrums, woeful.
In this grim situation, the urgent need to upgrade the industry of renewable resources, from a simple focus on the use of resources and environmental services to the resource utilization both in transition from traditional to renewable resources, new business transformation service provider in the field of environmental protection. Through restructuring, the role of renewable resources companies and value repositioning get new living space for development.
1, to carry out low-value recyclable materials in line with the utilization of renewable resources industry targeting public property. Low value of recyclable materials, recovery and resource utilization, involving urban and rural living environment, because it is labor-intensive, also related to employment and income in the bottom of migrant workers, which has a significant social welfare attributes. Under the new normal economy, renewable resources sector social welfare and environmental properties property has been greater than resource properties. The implementation of two network integration, to carry out low-value recyclable materials, recovery and resource utilization of renewable resources industry responsibility. Supply and marketing cooperatives have the unique Chinese characteristics, organization and service system, tissue components pluralistic, diversified asset composition, the nature of special status, reflected in both the party and government policy guidance, but also to bear public service entrusted by the government. Moreover, the supply and marketing cooperatives have established a recycling network covering urban and rural, has accumulated a wealth of experience in the industry of renewable resources. Thus, the inevitable choice to carry recyclables low resource utilization is normal under the new city supply and marketing cooperatives function orientation. Of course, other companies are also renewable resources qualified and participatory basis.
2, low resource utilization of recyclable materials can contribute to the front-end garbage reduction. The fundamental purpose of garbage is that the use of only the rear end of the use of open channels, and establish a recycling processing, recycling industry chain, so that the front end out of the classification place low resources can be used to promote and sustain long-term motivation tip classification. We must comply with the law of industrial development, the establishment of both a break from the key, and run to explore various aspects of organic coordination mechanism to form a complete classification, recycling, processing, utilization of industrial chain, in order to ensure solid waste reduction and recycling system continuous operation. Established back-end processing and utilization of industrial chain, it is renewable resources, the company's business long term.
3, the industrial chain convergence garbage classification and resource utilization of renewable resources new development path. Low-value recyclables miscellaneous category, quantity, is garbage reduction priorities and difficulties. Guangzhou municipal government on low recycling of recyclable materials, subsidies of 90 yuan per ton, encourage third parties to buy government services to carry out PPP cooperation model. Guangzhou has a policy to promote the country's replicability. Renewable resources for enterprises in the new economic normal, traditional varieties shrinking market, prices, business is very difficult. Low recycling recyclables is a chain, a complete industrial chain of organic links. Renewable resources business through the integration of two networks, the purchase of government services, garbage classification and recycling the industrial chain convergence, both to improve the quality of the urban environment, but also access to land and financial support of local government preferential policies, open up the situation in the industry remains in the doldrums new development path, to achieve environmental protection enterprises restructuring and upgrading.
4, "two network integration" is an effective means of mobilizing local financial support for the initiative. Currently, the national tax policy to "Camp changed to increase" as the main content is being implemented, the central order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of local government finance, special transfer payments in the initial reduction, including the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce, "the central government to promote the development of service industry special funds management approach "in subsidies objects and content have great adjustment, the original fixed proportion of direct subsidies of renewable resources sector, on the future allocation varies greatly, independent places allocated increasing margins . How effective means to participate in the distribution of these funds in the past, we should focus on consideration. "Two network integration" provides just an opportunity. Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other large cities, due to the strong local financial resources, high population concentration, and high disposal costs, determine the "two network integration" will be the first in the city to promote the formation of a mature mode and then to other cities promotion.
Conclusion: urban and rural garbage disposal mode, a lot of talk in the industry to explore. With the "junk Besieged City", "garbage village" more and more serious, put in garbage classification, separation and recovery, implementation of the "two-network integration" imperative. Perhaps the two convergence is not necessarily the best way, but this model has emerged, after all, in some places (such as Guangzhou) to promote the convergence of the two practices have to really reduce the amount of garbage disposal terminal, promoting low recyclables resource utilization, achieved some experience and results, and had to copy and learn from the model. We hope that in practice, this model can go farther.