19 WEEKS PREGNANT BABY SIZE

Low levels of ambient air pollution during pregnancy and fetal growth among term neonates in Brisbane, Australia [An article from: Environmental Research]

This digital document is a journal article from Environmental Research, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
There is mounting evidence that maternal exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes. We examined birth weight and small for gestational age (SGA <10th percentile for age and gender) among 26,617 singleton full-term births in Brisbane, Australia (July 2000-June 2003), in relation to ambient pollution during pregnancy. We also examined head circumference (HC) and crown-heel length (CHL) among a sub-sample (n=21,432) of the term neonates. Maternal exposure to PM"1"0, visibility reducing particles (bsp), O"3 and NO"2 was assessed by calculating average exposure estimates over months and trimesters of pregnancy based on a citywide average of the pollutants. Linear and logistic regression models were employed to examine the effect of these pollutants on the birth outcomes after adjusting for potential confounders and season of birth. The regression coefficients were based on an inter-quartile range (IQR) increase in exposure as well as quartiles of exposure with the lowest used as a reference category. Trimester- and monthly specific exposures to all pollutants were not significantly associated with a reduction in either birth weight or HC, or an increased risk of SGA. An IQR increase in NO"2 during the third trimester was associated with a reduction in CHL (@b=-0.15cm, 95% CI -0.25 to -0.05cm) and this was concentrated around exposure during month nine. No other pollutants were associated with a reduction in CHL. In conclusion, there was no strong evidence suggesting that ambient air pollution during pregnancy is associated with sub-optimal fetal growth in Brisbane.

This balloon is a bit big -- about 16" in circumference instead of the 13" - 14" for an average newborn's head. Whoops! But I'm sure I can re-block it to not be as stretched, or keep it for later.

It's a happy birthday balloon, by the way. hah.

Warm and snuggly newborn baby hat.
Color: Yellow
Measurements 12" Head circumference, 7" Length from Top -Bottom (from Base of pom-pom to bottom edge)

The WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) was implemented between 1997 and 2003 to generate new curves for assessing the growth and development of children the world over. The MGRS collected primary growth data and related information from 8440 healthy breastfed infants and young children from diverse ethnic backgrounds and cultural settings (Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and USA). A key component of the MGRS design was a longitudinal cohort of children who were examined in a sequence of 21 visits starting at birth and ending at 24 months of age. A principal rationale for the longitudinal component was to allow for the development of growth velocity standards. The increments on which the velocity standards are based were calculated using the same longitudinal sample of 882 children and statistical approaches as those used in the construction of the attained growth standards.

The velocity standards presented in this report provide a set of tools for monitoring the rapid and changing rate of growth in early childhood and can be used to assess children everywhere, regardless of ethnicity, socioeconomic status and type of feeding.