China Wireless modem Manufacturers, Serial server Factory https://blog.dnevnik.hr/zigbeemodule
ponedjeljak, 27.06.2022.
Is Vehicle-to-Grid Technology Sustainable?
We reportedly leave our cars parked up to 95% of the time, and on top of this, electrical grids currently have limited storage facilities. Points such as these have inspired a potential solution: vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. We consider the extent to which this promising power innovation may be sustainable.What is Vehicle-to-Grid Technology?
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is one that allows several meshes of electric vehicles (EVs) to work like a giant battery incorporated with an intelligent software interface, feeding power from vehicle to grid or grid to vehicles on an as-needed basis with seamless charging and discharging. A 2015 report suggeststhat vehicle owners could make as much as $454, $394, and $318 per year depending on whether their average daily mileage was 32, 64, or 97 kilometres respectively with V2G policies.
Although there are great potentials with V2G technology, the pertinent question must still be asked: is vehicle-to-grid technology sustainable?
A Brief History of V2G TechnologyIn 1997, Willett Kempton of the University of Delaware, in partnership with Steve Letendre of Vermont’s Green Mountain College, developed the concept of ‘vehicle as power storage’. Kempton has since graduated from the conceptual phase to commercial trials in both Delaware (U.S) and Denmark.
Following this, there is now the pilot vehicle-to-grid project known as ‘eV2g’—which follows the business partnership between NRG Energy and the University of Delaware. This was borne out of Kempton’s licence sale to the former organisation. Kempton also sold the international licence to a Danish company called Nuuve in 2011.
Major Components of V2G TechnologyA complete V2G system consists of mature electric vehicle technology, advanced batteries, reversible battery chargers, and communication between the EV, grid, and the driver. serial rs485 to ethernet converterOf the various types of EVs in existence, only pure electric vehicles (PEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are suitable for V2G technology. PHEVs can charge the car’s battery with an integrated motor while the car is running on gasoline. Hence, when plugged in, the given PHEV is suitable to return some of its energy to the grid.
Both the Challenges and Future Potential of V2G TechnologyBattery woes and high initial investment costs are some of the main challenges to V2G technology. Battery degradation is dependent on the technology’s discharging depth and cycling frequency (the battery cycle life can be predicted using the equivalent series resistance). A deeper battery dischaSOC modulerge leads to an increased cell deterioration rate, and without optimised battery usage, current battery technologies are prone to faster degradation with V2G. According to a study by the IEEE, moreover, the extra electrical loads that EV chargers (particularly Level 2 and Level 3 EV chargers) may cause power losses and voltage deviation to the distribution grid. (The researchers suggest that this problem could be mitigated by a process they call ‘coordinated charging’.)
On top of this, it has been reported by IJERT (the International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology) that current EV batteries are only able to deliver about 50 to 150 miles on a single charge, unlike conventional, internal combustion engine vehicles that cover 300 to 500 miles. Research is currently being made into lithium-ion and lithium-polymer battery systems that have great potential for significantly higher mileage on a single charge. Already in circulation are charging systems that allow EVs to charge directly from the grid.
That said, this may all change one day: in the future, wireless charging could be preferable to using plug-in chargers. The importance of strong communication between the electric vehicles and the power grid cannot be overemphasised, after all: EVs should be able to wirelessly send data to the grid about their battery state of charge, position, time, their distance required for the next trip, and so on. And meanwhile, the grid would benefit from sending data like tariffs for energy, available energy, etc. to the EVs. This way, EV users can be able to optimise their cost, charging, and discharging.
An analysis by ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) concluded that to serve extra PEV demands, further investment—and a substantial one at that—is necessary. Further IEEE research supports this conclusion: it reports that a significant investment in electrical networks will be required if PEVs are to ever become the desired vehicles in the UK. In fact, without the necessary funding, energy losses are expected to increase substantially (up to 40% in off-peak hours) if 60% of the total vehicles were to be PEVs.
Vehicle-to-Grid SustainabilityThe answer to V2G sustainability lies in how quickly engineers can address its main technical challenges. Installing used battery packs in residential buildings will go a long way in optimising battery usage and consequently addressing the problem of battery degradation. A demand-response strategy in the context of smart distribution networks can minimise V2G's impact on the grid. Plus, an optimal PEV fleet charging profile can help to curb energy losses.
On top of this, of course, implementing the right policies and investments will make the adoption of vehicle-to-grid technology sustainable in countries with adequate technological infrastructure.
utorak, 14.06.2022.
The E-Waste Problem and How a Circular Economy Can Solve It
The push for greener habits has become global, and for good reason. As this mentality is applied to waste produced by electrical and electronic equipment, we're seeing positive changes to the daily life of engineers.
The resources that we use to fuel our lives today, whether it be in the products we create or the ways that we power them, are finite. On top of this, much of what we make is littered rather than properly dealt with, even though much of it may be repurposed for different applications than their intended use. These issues and their solution, namely the circular economy, have the potential to change the abilities and resources at the hands of the everyday design engineer.
WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment), also commonly referred to as e-waste, is being looked into by many for the application of reuse, refurbishment or repurposing in order to truly get all we can from the products we create, whether that use is in their designed application or some new one. The products that are referred to in e-waste are split into six categories as per a research paper by PRé Consultants.They are:
Large hAC-DC dual
ousehold appliances
Small household appliances
Cooling and freezing appliances
Televisions
Flat-panel displays
Energy-saving light bulbs
These are the six categories that are most often used for e-waste recycling, where they are collected and turned from waste into a resource, becoming part of a circular economy.
The Problems with a Linear Economy
As a Bloomberg article explains, a circular economy is one of two main types, the second being linear. A linear economy is the more basic of the two conceptually, where products are made, then used, and once they are done being used, are thrown out, a take-make-dispose method. Brand new products must be produced each time one is needed, requiring the use of natural resources.
This has some long-term negative effects, where the maximum amount of pollution is created since each new product will be made from scratch, and also resources will be depleted at a high rate which, in a finite world such as ours, will result in no more resources, and thus no more products.
This system is not viable as a long-term solution, and thus a circular economy must be used. This system is centralised based on a ‘reduce-reuse-recycle’ model. In terms of sustainability, it is much easierto achieve these goals through such a recycling-based approach: as an article from Het Groene Brein (Dutch for ‘The Green Brain’)explains: the industry will benefit from reducing its focuson eco-efficiency (the linear economy), where the improvement is in minimising resource use. And instead, focus moreoneco-effectiveness (the circular economy)—where the products can actually have a positive impact on the environment.
The Engineering Benefits of a Circular Economy
Electric parts that are unable to serve their original application are finding new homes: consider automakers like GM, BMW, and Toyota that are focusing on using old car batteries for chilling beer at 7-Elevens in Japan or Solar Banks in Cameroon. Companies aren’t the only ones looking to profit from the benefits of a circular economy either, as governments have also found great uses forit. In 2012, India passed a law requiring manufacturers of electronics and white goods to implement ‘take-back’services when their products reach end of life. Moves like these can estimate to create up to half a million jobs, which is wonderful news for the global economy.
Understanding what the concept of a circular economy means and how it can positively affect our global economy, we drill down deeper and see what this means forEEs (electrical engineers). First and foremost, the reduce-reuse-recycle modelwill completely change how we view the term: ‘end of life’.
Again, for instance, many automotive companies are looking to find car batteries new applications when they can no longer be used in their original application. This will allow designers of the products that car batteries can be repurposed for a whole new market to tap into, allowing for an ease in the ability to find crosses and have multiple avenues to purchase parts from, shortening lead times in product manufacturing which is a huge help for the engineer of today.
The Carbon and Energy Saving Potential of a Circular Economy
The said PRé Consultants report noted that in the Netherlands, E-Waste recovery has also resulted in 17% energy recovery, which is a huge benefit to take advantage of for engineers, truly using up all the energy that these products can offer, both in their original and repurposed applications. Above all, one of the most impressive aspects of E-Waste management in a circular economy on the Electrical Engineer is not only the minimisation of, but also the ability to shrink, the carbon footprint of the industry.
The Netherlands has hadhuge success in this area, recycling 110,000 tonnes of e-waste, resulting in the avoidance of 155,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalents in 2016. They also removed 89 tonnes of very ecologically-harmful refrigerants, resulting in upwards of 261,000 tonnes of avoided CO2 equivalents. This is, again, a huge relief for electrical engineers as we continue to look for more eco-friendly solutions, and the reuse and repurposing of our current products is one of the best options we have.
What a Circular Economy Means to Both EEs and the World
Overall, the circular economy will only add a multitude of options in favor of the electrical engineer, giving them an abundance of products as repurposed parts complete with specifically designed products, giving flexibility in vendor usage and market competition that can lead to lower pricing. On top of that, we see that this simple solution also aids in solving a complex engineering issue of minimising our carbon footprint in all designs.
As time goes on, we continue to see that our current habits are unsustainable, whether it be due to our effect on the climate, or just the simple fact that the resources we use are finite. A circular economy will eventually be the only solution, but even now, it is still at the very least the ideal solution. Many engineers face similar challenges and yet many of their approaches to design and manufacturingdon’t reflect the importance of having products that accommodate thereduce-reuse-recycle model.
The utilisation ofacircular economy will allow engineers and manufacturersto design all theirproducts to their full capability, or in the case of high-end electronics devices (such as medical equipment), theycan become a great source of valuable materials after their original job reaches its end. Ata small scale, such an approach to industrywill ease the design process for engineers in all areas—while at a muchlarger scale, the circular economy will have a positive effect on our economy and planet itself.
srijeda, 08.06.2022.
5 embedded system terms IoT admins must know
When engineers design an IoT device, they must work to find the right combination of hardware and software to help collect data, streamline UX and perform all necessary functions. Through technological advancements, embedded systems make it easier for devices to process software commands, provide power and run use case-specific workflows.
Familiarize yourself with what embedded systems can do, their components and the different types with a look at some of the technology's main terms.
Embedded systems
Embedded systems blend hardware and software to perform one specific function, such as temperature sensing, data routing, data monitoring or powering an electric motor. They are either programmable or have fixed functionality. Examples include cars, smartphones, industrial machines and medical equipment. IoT-specific use cases are wearables, drones and smart home devices.
Embedded systems often function as part of a larger device, but they are computer systems. They can have a wide range of UI setups: no UI, a complex GUI, interface buttons, LEDs, touchscreens or a remote interface.
These systems also include a processor, power supply, memory and communication ports. The communication ports transmit data to the processor and any peripherals through a specific protocol.
The embedded system's software is often extremely specialized to perform a single desired function. In most cases, engineers use a pared-down Linux distribution but might also use Windows IoT or Embedded Java to run on the system.
Embedded system architecture
Embedded system examples include mobile, networked, standalone and real time:
Mobile embedded systems are made to be portable. Use cases include smartphones or digital cameras.
Networked embedded systems connect to a network and provide an output to other systems. These can be home security or point-of-sale systems.
Standalone embedded systems do not rely on a host system. They perform a specialized task and aren't a part of a larger computing system. These are often digital wristwatches, calculators or home appliances.
Real-time embedded systems provide a required output at predetermined time intervals. One example is a traffic control system, but these types of embedded systems are often applied to mission-critical use cases.
Admins can also use performance requirements or architectures to categorize the technology.
System on a chip
A system on a chip (SoC) is a microchip that includes all electronic circuits for a system on an individual integrated circuit. The technology is found in small, complex consumer electronic devices, such as smartphones, wearables and IoT sensors.
A sound detection device could include an analog-to-digital converter,Test kits memory, I/O logic control and microprocessor all on one chip for designers to integrate into a device. Other SoC configurations may include an accelerometer and a gyroscope sensor for movement tracking.
Application-specific integrated circuit
An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is a microchip manufactured for a special use case. Unlike microprocessors or RAM chips, ASICs usually just run a specific transmission protocol or process; ASICs are also an example of SoCs.
More organizations adopted ASICs for IoT devices because, compared to general-purpose computing chips, ASICs have a smaller form factor, decreased power consumption and lower cost. Vendors can also produce ASICs at a mass scale.
Real-time OS
A real-time OS (RTOS) is one developed to guarantee real-time capabilities within a specified deadline; it often supports critical systems and devices that are timing-specific. RTOSes measure time in milliseconds to ensure all deadlines are met.
These OSes have similar functions to general-purpose OSes but include a scheduler so the system meets task deadlines. The main characteristics of an RTOS include a small footprint, high performance, determinism, security protocols, priority-based scheduling and timing information. With such features, an RTOS offers multitasking, process thread prioritization and interrupt level functionality.
RTOSes simultaneously handle multiple processes, respond to events in a predicted time limit and monitor task priority. These characteristics make them suitable for embedded systems that require real-time operations or data collection.
RTOS use cases include anti-lock brakes, medical systems, PCs, cameras and air traffic control systems.
Digital signal processing
Digital signal processing is a collection of techniques that help improve the accuracy and reliability of digital communications. These techniques work to clarify the levels or states of a digital signal. The circuits that perform digital signal processing are designed to differentiate between human-made signals and general noise.
Noise, which is unwanted electrical or electromagnetic energy, is a problem for wireless systems more so than hard-wired systems. Unwanted noise can affect files and text, image or audio communication; it also degrades signal and data quality.
Two traditional methods to reduce the signal-to-noise ratio are to increase transmitted signal power and the receiver sensitivity. With adjustments, audio engineers can improve the receiving unit's sensitivity -- and the received signal quality.
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