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Les en-tętes HTTP de dijaspora. At least three waves of can be identified.

The last phase of the saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars. Cette adresse IP appelée Internet Protocol Number. Job-related emigration created Nepalese enclaves in India, the wealthier countries of the Middle East, Europe and North America. The has forced further migration, with at least 4 million displaced as per UN estimates.

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In particular, diaspora has come to refer to involuntary mass dispersions of a population from its indigenous territories, most notably the known as the Jewish diaspora and the fleeing of after the fall of. Other examples are the African Trans-, the southern or during the trade, the during and after the , the from India, the exile and deportation of , and the emigration of warriors and their families after the. Recently, scholars have distinguished between different kinds of diaspora, based on its causes such as , trade or labor migrations, or by the kind of social coherence within the diaspora community and its ties to the ancestral lands. Some diaspora communities maintain strong political ties with their homeland. Other qualities that may be typical of many diasporas are thoughts of return, relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full integration into the host countries. So after the Bible's translation into Greek, the word diaspora would then have been used to refer to the Northern Kingdom exiled between 740—722 BC from Israel by the Assyrians, as well as Jews, Benjaminites, and Levites exiled from the Southern Kingdom in 587 BC by the , and from in 70 AD by the. It subsequently came to be used to refer to the historical movements and settlement patterns of the dispersed indigenous population of Israel. The wider application of diaspora evolved from the Assyrian two-way mass deportation policy of conquered populations to deny future territorial claims on their part. The term became more widely assimilated into by the mid 1950s, with long-term in significant numbers from other particular countries or regions also being referred to as a diaspora. In this sense, individuals may have multiple homes throughout their diaspora, with different reasons for maintaining some form of attachment to each. Diasporic cultural development often assumes a different course from that of the population in the original place of settlement. Over time, remotely separated communities tend to vary in culture, traditions, language and other factors. The last vestiges of cultural affiliation in a diaspora is often found in community resistance to and in maintenance of traditional religious practice. While Safran's definitions were influenced by the idea of the Jewish diaspora, he recognised the expanding use of the term. Brubaker has used the database to show that 17 out of the 18 books on diaspora published between 1900 and 1910 were on the Jewish diaspora. The majority of works in the 1960s were also about the Jewish diaspora, but in 2002 only two out of 20 books sampled out of a total of 253 were about the Jewish case, with a total of eight different diasporas covered. Brubaker outlines the original use of the term diaspora as follows: Most early discussions of diaspora were firmly rooted in a conceptual 'homeland'; they were concerned with a paradigmatic case, or a small number of core cases. The paradigmatic case was, of course, the Jewish diaspora; some dictionary definitions of diaspora, until recently, did not simply illustrate but defined the word with reference to that case. Brubaker argues that the initial expansion of the use of the phrase extended it to other, similar cases, such as the and. More recently, it has been applied to emigrant groups that continue their involvement in their homeland from overseas, such as the category of long-distance nationalists identified by. Brubaker notes that as examples : Albanians, Basques, Hindu Indians, Irish, Japanese, Kashmiri, Koreans, Kurds, Palestinians, and Tamils have been conceptualised as diasporas in this sense. Brubaker notes that, as of 2005 , there were also academic books or articles on the , white, liberal, gay, queer and digital diasporas. Some observers have labeled evacuation from and the in the wake of the , since a significant number of evacuees have not been able to return, yet maintain aspirations to do so. It has even been noted that as charismatic Christianity becomes increasingly globalized, many Christians conceive of themselves as a diaspora, and form an imaginary that mimics salient features of ethnic diasporas. Professional communities of individuals no longer in their homeland can also be considered diaspora. For example, science diasporas are communities of scientists who conduct their research away from their homeland. While corporate diaspora seems to avoid or contradict connotations of violence, coercion and unnatural uprooting historically associated to the notion of diaspora, its scholarly use may heuristically describe the ways in which corporations function alongside diasporas. In this way, corporate diaspora might foreground the racial histories of diasporic formations without losing sight of the cultural logic of in which corporations orchestrate the transnational circulation of people, images, ideologies and capital. Further information: One of the largest diaspora of modern times is that of Sub-Saharan Africans, which dates back several centuries. During the , 9. This population and their descendants were major influences on the culture of , , , and colonies. Prior to the trans-Atlantic slave trade, millions of Africans had moved and settled as merchants, seamen and slaves in different parts of and. From the 8th through the 19th centuries, an Arab-controlled slave trade dispersed millions of Africans to Asia and the islands of the. Currently, migrant Africans can only enter 13 African countries without advanced visas. In pursuing a unified future, the AU will allow people to move freely between the 54 countries of the AU under a visa free passport and encourage migrants to return to Africa. Similarly, the trace their origins to the , and their presence in Europe is first attested to in the. The mass emigration that occurred from the 19th century to 1949 was caused mainly by wars and starvation in , as well as political corruption. The largest Asian diaspora outside of Southeast Asia is the. The overseas Indian community, estimated at over 25 million, is spread across many regions in the world, on every continent. It constitutes a diverse, heterogeneous and eclectic global community representing different regions, languages, cultures, and faiths see. At least three waves of can be identified. The earliest wave dates back to hundreds of years as early marriage and high birthrates propelled Hindu settlement eastward across Nepal, then into and. A backlash developed in the 1980s as Bhutan's political elites realized that Bhutanese Buddhists were at risk of becoming a minority in their own country. At least 60,000 ethnic from have been resettled in the. A second wave was driven by British recruitment of mercenary soldiers beginning around 1815 and resettlement after retirement in the British Isles and southeast Asia. The third wave began in the 1970s as land shortages intensified and the pool of educated labor greatly exceeded job openings in Nepal. Job-related emigration created Nepalese enclaves in India, the wealthier countries of the Middle East, Europe and North America. Current estimates of the number of Nepalese living outside Nepal range well up into the millions. In Siam, regional power struggles among several kingdoms in the region led to a large diaspora of ethnic Lao between the 1700s—1800s by Siamese rulers to settle large areas of the Siamese kingdom's northeast region, where Lao ethnicity is still a major factor in 2012. During this period, Siam decimated the Lao capital, capturing, torturing and killing the Lao king Anuwongse. Greek Homeland and Diaspora 6th century BCE European history contains numerous diaspora-like events. In ancient times, the trading and colonising activities of the tribes from the and spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around the and basins, establishing Greek in , , northern , eastern , the , and the Black Sea coasts. Greeks founded more than 400 colonies. Tyre and Carthage also colonised the Mediterranean. Subsequent waves of colonization and migration during the Middle Ages added to the older settlements, or created new ones, thus replenishing the and making it one of the most long-standing and widespread in the world. The relocations, which included several phases, are just one set of many in history. The first phase Migration-Period displacement between CE 300 and 500 included relocation of the and , , , various other , , , , , , , and , and numerous. The second phase, between CE 500 and 900, saw , , and other tribes on the move, resettling in and gradually leaving it predominantly Slavic, and affecting and the as the first Turkic tribes , , , , as well as , and possibly arrived. The last phase of the saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars. The expansion out of into southern and eastern Europe, and. The more positive connotations associated with the social science term helping to view the movement of the Scandinavian peoples in the Viking Age in a new way. Such colonizing migrations cannot be considered indefinitely as diasporas; over very long periods, eventually the migrants assimilate into the settled area so completely that it becomes their new mental homeland. Thus the modern Magyars of Hungary do not feel that they belong in the Western that the Hungarian Magyars left 12 centuries ago; and the descendants of the , and do not yearn to reoccupy the plains of Northwest Germany. In 1492 a Spanish-financed expedition headed by arrived in the , after which European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded. Historian estimates that 240,000 people left Europe for the Americas in the 16th century. In the 19th century alone over 50 million Europeans migrated to North and South America. Other Europeans moved to Siberia, Africa, and Australasia. An estimated 45% to 85% of Ireland's population emigrated to areas including Britain, the United States of America, Canada, Argentina, Australia and. The size of the Irish diaspora is demonstrated by the number of people around the world who claim Irish ancestry; some sources put the figure at 80 to 100 million. From the 1860s the people, originally from Eastern Europe, through Anatolia, Australia, the Balkans, the Levant, North America and West Europe, leaving less than 10% of their population in the homeland - parts of historical Circassia in the modern-day portion of the. In the United States, approximately 4. In Mainland China, millions of migrant workers have sought greater opportunity in the country's booming coastal metropolises, though this trend has slowed with the further development of China's interior. Migrant social structures in these Chinese megacities are often based on place of origin, such as a shared hometown or province, and it is common for recruiters and foremen to select entire work crews from the same village. In two separate June 2011 incidents, Sichuanese migrant workers organized violent protests against alleged police misconduct and migrant labor abuse near the southern manufacturing hub of Guangzhou. The twentieth century saw huge population movements. Some involved large-scale transfers of people by government action. Some migrations occurred to avoid conflict and warfare. Other diasporas were created as a consequence of political decisions, such as the end of. World War II and the end of colonial rule As unfolded, Nazi Germany deported and killed millions of Jews and many millions of others were likewise enslaved or murdered, including Ukrainians, Russians and other Slavs. Some Jews fled from persecution to unoccupied parts of western Europe and the Americas before borders closed. Later, other eastern European refugees moved west, away from Soviet annexation, and the regimes after World War II. Hundreds of thousands of these anti-Soviet political refugees and Displaced Persons ended up in western Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States of America. After World War II, the Soviet Union and Communist-controlled , , and expelled millions of , most of whom were descendants of immigrants who had settled in those areas nearly two centuries before. This was allegedly in retaliation for the German Nazi invasion and their pan-German attempts at annexation. Most of the refugees moved to the West, including western Europe, and with tens of thousands seeking refuge in the United States. Prior to and the re-establishment of , a series of anti-Jewish pogroms broke out in the and caused many to flee, mostly to Israel. The 1948 War of Independence likewise saw several hundred thousand Jews expelled from the , and at least 750,000 expelled or forced to flee from Israel. Many Palestinians continue to live in refugee camps, while others have resettled in other countries. The resulted in the migration of millions of people between and. Millions were murdered in the religious violence of the period, with estimates of fatalities up to 2 million people. Thousands of former subjects of the went to the from the after India and Pakistan became independent in 1947. From the late 19th century, and formally from 1910, Japan made Korea a colony. More than 100,000 Koreans moved across the Amur River into Eastern Russia then the Soviet Union away from the Japanese. The Cold War and the formation of post-colonial states During and after the -era, huge populations of refugees migrated from conflict, especially from then-. Upheaval in the Middle East and Central Asia, some of which was related to power struggles between the and the , created new refugee populations which developed into global diasporas. In , many emigrated to and later millions to the United States, Australia and Canada after the Cold War-related. Later, 30,000 colons from were displaced after being expelled by the regime under. In , many emigrated to India, following the in 1959 after the failure of his. This wave lasted until the 1960s, and another wave followed when Tibet was opened up to trade and tourism in the 1980s. It is estimated that about 200,000 Tibetans live now dispersed worldwide, half of whom in are , and. In lieu of lost citizenship papers, the offers identity documents to Tibetan refugees. Since the beginning of the civil war in 1983, more than 800,000 Tamils have been displaced within as local diaspora, and over a half million living as the in destinations such as India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the UK and Europe. In , a new series of diasporas formed following the end of colonial rule. In some cases as countries became independent, numerous minority descendants of Europeans emigrated; others stayed in the lands which had been family homes for generations. The 1990s Civil war in between rival ethnic groups and turned deadly and produced a mass efflux of refugees. In , following the 1959 and the introduction of , over a million people have left. There was a around the start of the 21st century. More than 1 million live abroad a majority living in the US. Archived from on 8 December 2012 A million refugees have left Colombia since 1965 to escape the country's violence and civil wars. In , thousands of , and refugees fled to Europe during periods of in the 1970s and 1980s. In , , , , and fled conflict and poor economic conditions. Hundreds of thousands of people fled from the in 1994 into neighboring countries. Thousands of refugees from deteriorating conditions in have gone to. The long war in , in which numerous nations have been involved, has also created millions of refugees. The South Korean diaspora during the 1990s caused the fertility rate to drop when a large amount of the middle class emigrated, as the rest of the population continued to age. To counteract the change in these demographics, the South Korean government initiated a diaspora engagement policy in 1997. This section needs expansion. You can help by. April 2015 Bosnian Conflict Many escaped persecution death and rape when fleeing. Middle East conflicts Following the , nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced as of 2011, with 1. The has forced further migration, with at least 4 million displaced as per UN estimates. Venezuela's Bolivarian diaspora Main article: Following the presidency of and the establishment of his , over 1. The analysis of a study by the titled Venezuelan Community Abroad. There are numerous web-based news portals and forum sites dedicated to specific diaspora communities, often organized on the basis of an origin characteristic and a current location characteristic. The location-based networking features of mobile applications such as China's have also created de facto online diaspora communities when used outside of their home markets. Now, large companies from the emerging countries are looking at leveraging diaspora communities to enter the more mature market. Retrieved 22 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2012. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies. Retrieved 5 January 2014. Black Europe and the African Diaspora. Oxford University Press, USA. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim. Retrieved November 8, 2010. Natural History 102:11 November 1993 : 12-19. Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies Romanies 2nd ed. The Gypsies, or Romt it is generally accepted that they did emigrate from northern India some time between the 6th and 11th centuries, then crosanies, are an ethnic group that arrived in Europe around the 14th century. Scholars argue about when and how they left India, bused the Middle East and came into Europe. Retrieved 16 June 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2008. Archived from on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2014. Archived from on 5 July 2008. A Viking Diaspora, London, Routledge. Archived from on 19 November 2009. Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Retrieved 30 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013. Archived from on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2014. Upfront: The Newsmagazine for Teens. IZA World of Labor: 1—10. Retrieved 15 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014. Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs. Retrieved 30 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013. Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved 30 September 2013. International Journal on World Peace 25, 3, September 2008. Diaspora - an introduction. Ethnic and Racial Studies. Retrieved 22 February 2011. Global Diasporas: An Introduction 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 2006. University of Oklahoma Press. In Bauböck, Rainer; Faist, Thomas. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Wählisch, Beyond Remittances: Public Diplomacy and Kosovo's Diaspora, Foreign Policy Club, Pristina 2012 ,. Keaton, and Stephen Small. Urbana: U of Illinois, 2009.

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Black Europe and the African Diaspora. Over the time it has been ranked as high as 388 199 in the world, while most of its traffic comes from Serbia, where it reached as high as 1 267 position. Vous devez également ajouter la balise nofollow aux liens, vous pensez qu'il n'en a pas besoin. Other Europeans moved to Siberia, Africa, and Australasia. Retrieved 1 October 2013. Other qualities that may be typical of many diasporas are thoughts of return, relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full integration into the host countries. From the 8th through the 19th centuries, an Arab-controlled slave trade dispersed millions of Africans to Asia and the islands of the. Vaši inozemstvo oglasi ili inostranstvo oglasi su potpuno besplatni i ovde se oglašavaju srpska dijaspora, bosanska dijaspora, hrvatska dijaspora i domovina. The size of the Irish diaspora is demonstrated by the number of people around the world who claim Irish ancestry; some sources put the figure at 80 to 100 million. You can help by. Hvala na strpljenju i razumevanju. For example, science diasporas are communities of scientists who conduct their research away from their homeland.

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