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He was also named President of Sucampo Pharma Americas, LLC in September 2009. Black included achievement of our financial and growth targets, development and execution of our strategic plan, continued development of senior management succession plans, achievement of certain critical objectives, which included objectives related to the FDA compliance efforts of our Medical Segment and the continuing integration efforts related to our acquisition of Arrow International, continuing efforts with respect to investor relations and communications related to our portfolio transition and continuing to provide support for our Board of Directors. In making our compensation decisions for 2008, we utilized a Mercer report that referenced data from a survey completed in 2005.
We intend to post on our website any amendments to, or waivers from, our Code of Ethics for the chief executive officer and senior officers. Scruggs was appointed Vice Chairman and Executive Vice President of Client Development.
Desert Warfare mod for Battlefield 2 - Through the interest of Dr. The Governance Committee will consider recommendations for director candidates from stockholders.
GOVEENMENT PEINTING OFEICE WASHINGTON, D. AT 25 CENTS PER COPY United States National Museum, Under Direction of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C, Octoher 15, 1927. Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present condition of the United States National Museum and upon the work accomplished in its various departments during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1927. Very respectfully, Alexander Wetmore, Assistant Secretary. Abbot, Acting Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Merrill, head curator 85 Department of arts and industries, and division of history, by William deC. Abbot, Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, keeper ex officio. Alexander Wetmore, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge United States National Museum. William deC Ra%'enel, Administrative Assistant to the Secretary. Division of Ethnology: Walter Hough, curator; H. Fewkes, collaborator ; Arthxir P. Rice, collaborator ; Isobel H. Section of Musical Instruments : Hugo Worch, custodian. Division of American Archeology: Neil M. Judd, curator ; R. Division of Old World Arclieology: I. Division of Physical Anthropology: Ales Hrdlicka, curator ; Thomas D. Collaborator in anthropology: George Grant MacCurdy. Associate in historic archeology : Cyrus Adler. Departmettt of Biology : Leonhard Stejneger, head curator; James B. Division of Mammals: Gerrit S. Division of Birds: Robert Ridgway, curator; Charles W. Richmond, asso- ciate curator ; J. Riley, aid ; Bradshaw H. Swales, honorary assistant curator ; Alexander Wetmore, custodian of alcoholic and skeleton col- lections; Edward J. Brown, collaborator; Casey A. Division of Reptiles and Batrachians: Leonhard Stejneger, curator ; Doris M. Division of Fishes: Barton A. Bean, assistant curator ; E. Division of Insects: L. Howard, honorary curator; J. Aldrich, asso- ciate curator; William Schaus, honorary assistant curator; B. Section of Hyraenoptera : S. Rohwer, custodian ; W. Section of Myriapotla : O. Section of Diptera : J. Aldrich, in charge ; Charles T. Section of Coleoptora : E. Scluvarz, custodian ; L. Buchanan, specialist for Casey collection of coleoptera. Section of Lepidoptern : Harrison G. Section of Ortlioptera : A. Section of Hemiptora : W. Section of forest tree beetles : A. Division of Marine Invertebrates: Waldo L. Schmitt, curator ; C. Shoe- maker, assistant curator; James O. Harring, cus- todian of the rotatoria ; Mrs. Harriet Richardson Searle, collaborator ; Max M. Ellis, collaborator; William H. Longley, collaborator; Maynard M. Division of MoUusks: Paul Bartsch, curator; William B. Marshall, assist- ant curator ; Mary Breen, collaborator. Section of Helminthological Collections : C. Stiles, custodian ; M. Divisimi of Echinoderms: Austin H. Division of Plants {National Herharium : Frederick V. Coville, honorary curator ; W. Maxon, associate curator ; J. Rose, associate curator ; P. Standley, associate curator; Emery C. Leonard, aid; Ellsworth P. Killip, aid ; H. Bartlett, collaborator ; Albert C. Section of Grasses : Albert S. Section of Cryptogamic Collections: O. Section of Higher Algae: W. Section of Lower Fungi : D. Section of Diatoms: Albert Mann, custodian. Associates in Zoology: C. Rathbun, David Starr Jordan. Associate Curator in Zoology : Hugh M. Associate in Botany : John Donnell Smith. Associate in Marine Sediments : T. Collaborator in Zoology: Robert Sterling Clark. Merrill, head curator; Margaret W. Division of Physical and Chemical Geology systematic and applied : George P. Merrill, curator ; E. Division of Mineralogy and Petrology: F. Clarke, honorary curator ; W. Foshag, assistant curator ; Frank L. Hess, custodian of rare metals and rare earths. Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology: R. Bassler, curator; Charles E. Resser, associate curator ; Jessie G. Beach, aid ; Joseph A. Section of Invertebrate Paleontology: T. Stanton, custodian of Mesozoic collection ; Paul Bartsch, curator of Cenozoic collection. Section of Paleobotany: David White, associate curator; Erwin R. Division of Vertebrate Paleontology: Charles W. Gilmore, curator ; James W. Gidley, assistant curator of mammalian fossils. Associates in Paleontology: Frank Springer, E. Associate in Petrology: Whitman Cross. Department of Arts and Industries, and Division of History : William deC. Divisions of Mineral and Mechanical Technology: Carl W. Mitman, curator ; Paul E. Garber, assistant curator ; F. Taylor, aid : Chester G. Gilbert, honorary curator of mineral technology. Division of Textiles: Frederick L. Lewton, curator ; Mrs. Section of Wood Technology: William N. Section of Organic Chemistry: Aida M. EEPOET OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 IX Depabtment of Arts and Industeies, and Division of Histoey — Continued. Divisimi of Medicine: Charles Whitebrcad, assistant curator. Division of Oraphic Arts: R. P, Tolmau, assistant curator. Section of Pliotography : A. Loel Collection of Chemical Types: O. Division of History: T. Belote, curator; Charles Carey, assistant curator; Mrs, C. ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF Chief of correspondence and documents, H. Superintendent of buildings and labor, J. Olmsted, Property clerk, W. Assistant librarian, Isabel L. REPORT OF THE PROGRESS AND CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1927 By Alexander Wetmore Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution By the death of Charles Doolittle Walcott, Secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution, on February 9, 1927, the United States National Museum, of which he was the keeper by virtue of his higher office, has suffered a severe loss. For 45 years Doctor Walcott was intimately associated with the work of the Museum. In 1882, while in the service of the United States Geological Survey, Doctor Walcott was appointed honorary assistant curator in the department of fossil invertebrates of the Museum having special charge of the Paleozoic fossils, and the next year he was made honorary curator of these collections, a position which he held until 1895, when all the paleontological collections of the Museum were centralized under his general administration as honorary curator. When the Museum lost the leadership of the late G. Brown Goode, Doctor Walcott, in addition to his arduous duties as director of the Geological Survey, provisionally put at the service of the Smith- sonian Institution his recognized scientific and executive qualifica- tions, serving as acting assistant secretary of the Smithsonian in charge of the National Museum from January 27, 1897, to June 30, 1898, when a permanent successor to Doctor Goode was selected. During Doctor Walcott's administration the Museum was reorgan- ized under three departments with a head curator in charge of each. In this reorganization the department of paleontology became the division of stratigraphic paleontology in the department of geology, and Doctor Walcott continued in charge as honorary curator until the division was divided in 1908. In 1904 the Museum instituted a new department of mineral tech- nology, under the curatorship of Doctor Walcott, to care for vast collections illustrative of the mineral resources of the United States received from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, in 1 2 EEPOBT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1921 the selection of which Doctor Walcott, as director of the United States Geological Survey, had been instrumental. Doctor Walcott continued oversight of this department until 1913, when the Museum was able to employ a curator to devote full time to the subject. On January 23, 1907, Doctor Walcott was elected Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and, by virtue of that position, became keeper of the National Museum. During the 20 years which have since elapsed Doctor Walcott has directed investigations in various parts of the world and personally studied large areas in the Rocky Mountains, particularly in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, the vast resulting collections — the bases of his original researches — having materially enriched the National collections. The work of the late secretary and his achievements will be re- corded in another place and at another time. In this connection I only wish to express my sense of personal loss and my deep appre- ciation of the confidence he bestowed in committing to me the administration of the National Museum. FOEEWORD The Congress of the United States in the act of August 10, 1846, founding the Smithsonian Institution, recognized that an oppor- tunity was aflPorded, in carrying out the design of Smithson for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, to provide for the custody of the Museum of the Nation. To this new establishment was, there- fore, intrusted the care and development of the national collections. At first the cost of maintaining this activity was paid from the Smithsonian income ; then for a time the Government bore a share ; but since 1877 Congress has provided for the expenses of the Museum. The museum idea was fundamental in the organic act establishing the Smithsonian Institution, which was based upon a 12 years' discussion in Congress and the advice of the most distinguished scientific men, educators, and intellectual leaders of the Nation during the years 1834 to 1846. It is interesting to note how broad and comprehensive were the views which actuated the Congress in determining the scope of the Museum, a fact especially remarkable when it is recalled that at that date no museum of considerable size existed in the United States, and the museums of England and of the continent of Europe, although containing many rich col- lections, were still to a large extent without a developed plan. It was appreciated that additions would be necessary to the collections then in existence, and provision was made for their increase by the exchange of duplicate specimens, by donations, and by other means. The maintenance of the Museum was long ago assumed by Con- gress, the Smithsonian Institution taking upon itself only so much of the necessary responsibility for its administration as is required to coordinate it with its other activities. The Museum as a part of the Smithsonian is an integral part of a broad organization for increase and diffusion of knowledge, for scientific research, for cooperation with departments of the Government, with universities and scientific societies in America, and Avith all scientific institutions 8 4 EEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 and men abroad who seek interchange of views with men of science in the United States. Since 1846 the only material changes in the scope of the National Museum have been 1 the addition of a department of American history, intended to illustrate, by an appropriate assemblage of ob- jects, important events, the domestic life of the country from the colonial period to the present time, and the lives of distinguished personages, and 2 provision, in 1920, for the separate administra- tion of the National Gallery of Art as a coordinate unit under the Smithsonian Institution. From 1906 to 1920 the gallery was admin- istered as the department of fine arts of the Museum. Op- portunities for acquisition in these various directions in the first years of the institution were mainly brought about through the activities of the scientific and economic surveys of the Government, many of which have been the direct outgrowths of earlier explorations stimu- lated or directed by the Smithsonian Institution. Additions from these sources still continue in large volume. As supplemental to them an increasing number of persons interested in science make annual additions to our collections either directly or through financial sup- port of expeditions by members of the staff. The increment of material from these contributions increases annually and is greatly appreciated. Such outside aid brings material that is of the greatest importance and that often could be obtained in no other way. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 afforded opportunity for estab- lishing a department of industrial arts, which has received great impetus recently through the cooperation of industrial firms and associations, particularly in the assembling of material illustrative of historical development in various lines. The historical series has been greatly augmented since 1918 by large collections illustrative of the World War, and also extensive additions to exhibits in aircraft and kindred subjects have been received during this period. Public interest in the growth and development of the National Museum is reflected by the steady increase of recorded attendance, in correspondents, and in requests for information. The increases recorded have given certain relief but require con- siderable addition. The matter of increased compensation for the staff of the entire Museum has become one of paramount importance since, with the exception of a small number on the shop forces, to the close of the fiscal year here under discussion there had been no provision made for increases in salary with efficiency in service since the establish- 5 6 EEPOET OF NATlOIiAlj MUSEUM, 1927 ment of the reclassification act on July 1, 1924, though the routine surveys of efficiency required by law have indicated that except in a few instances the persons concerned showed such attention in the performance of assigned duties as to entitle them to this considera- tion. With no funds available for allotment for this purpose it has been impossible to make increases on this basis without addition to the appropriations. To look ahead to a matter not properly included in the present report it may be said that the approriation for the year 1928 has carried additional items for one rate increases for the majority of the personnel. This step has given a measure of relief and has had a very favorable reaction on the part of the employees. It is felt, however, that this is but one step in the proper direction and that further allot- ments for the same purpose should be made. As a result of this readjustment on the salary roll the majority of the staff for the fiscal year 1928 will receive one rate more than the entrance salary established by law for their respective grades. To continue the intent of the reclassification act further funds for promotion should be provided until the salaries of the various groups attain the average established for the grade. It is earnestly urged that further' addi- tions to the appropriations be made until this object can be attained. To do this will provide only proper reward for the conscientious performance of duty on the part of the staff, while a better salary status will inevitably react favorably to the interests of the Museum. Because of its status as a national organization the Museum has a tremendous scope in its scientific activities. It is expected that it shall maintain collections and be in a position to supply informa- tion in all the many branches concerned with natural science, as well as in the field of history and the manifold phases of industrial development. In its legal function as a depository of the national collections in all these varied branches it has expanded under neces- sity from modern development to a point where increases in the permanent staff are imperative. Modern science and knowledge whether concerned with some group of insects, shells, birds, or any other biological development, or with history or industry have become so complex and so varied and the knowledge available so great that exactness in dealing with all details demands division into smaller groups for study and mastery than in previous generations. Where 40 or 20 years ago one mind might compass exactly the informa- tion available in several fields it is now necessary for the scientist to restrict his activities within narrower limits to keep abreast of the steadily increasing march of human knowledge. Specialization demands closer attention. At the present time there are several groups of animals where we have extensive collections that have no EEPORT OF N-ATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 7 curator designated on our staff. In a number of divisions also there should be provided assistants for the older men who should be in position to train others to carry on their work when they are gone. In scientific research many years are required before competence is attained and much has to be learned by precept that is not available in any other way. Existing appropriations are taken up so largely with necessary routine expenditures that there is little available to be used in exploration and field work. Many interested friends and cor- respondents make great additions to our collections annually, but the Museum should be provided with adequate funds that would enable it to develop various field researches along logical and continuing lines. Further, there come to the Museum frequent reports of valuable specimens that may be had if some one competent can go to the spot to obtain them. These are usually of such nature that they can not be collected and sent in by the inexperienced as unless properly handled they are not worth the cost of transportation, though when properly prepared they are highly valuable. At the present time this material is usually lost, though for a comparatively small expenditure it might be preserved. Funds that may be used for such purposes and for field work in general are urgently needed. It may be added that in the United States to-day there is an increasing part of the population that is definitely interested in science. This is shown in the present demand for authentic scientific news on the part of the press, for photographs of interesting scientific objects for publication, and by the general attitude of the public. As our country grows there develops an increasing group of those financially independent who turn to scientific researches and investi- gations either as recreation or with serious desire to assist in addition to human knowledge, and who find in scientific matters relaxa- tion and inspiration, recreation and serious endeavor. This group now assists tremendously in the furtherance of scientific development and will be an increasing force in that direction in the future. These persons from their financial situation make large contribu- tions toward the Federal income in the form of taxes, and therefore it would seem logical to make a part of this money available for support of their immediate interests in the form of increased appro- priations for the National Museum. COLLECTIONS Additions to the collections during this fiscal year have exceeded the average and in fact the materials received as a whole are among the most extensive that have come to the institution during a similar period. The new material has included some of the most valuable collections that have ever been incorporated in our series. The specimens acces- sioned were divided among the various departments as follows: Anthropology, 12,9Y4; biology, 198,279; geology, 1T6,781; arts and industries, and history, 14,497. The total increase in 1926 came to 254,032 specimens which, however, was below the average for recent years. The large number for the year 1927 has been due to several exten- sive collections that have come to hand, among which may be men- tioned especially the ethnological material from the Stirling expedition in the interior of New Guinea, including wonderful series from peoples practically unknown, the contributions of the National Geographic Society from the excavations at Pueblo Bonito, the col- lection of 20,000 beetles presented by Mr. Sherman, valuable collections in various branches of natural history made by Dr. Smith in Siam, and the minerals in the Koebling and Canfield collections. Complete accounts of these and other specimens received will be found in the reports of the head curators which follow. There have been received also 1,371 lots of material for examina- tion and report, the larger part being geological. Some of this has been added to the collections, some returned to the senders, and a part discarded as not valuable for preservation. During this fiscal year 3,717 specimens were sent out as gifts, mainly to educational institutions. Included in these were 6 sets of mollusks of 149 specimens each, and 27 sets to show the formation of soil through the weathering of rock each consisting of 16 speci- mens. Exchanges of duplicate material with other institutions and individuals amounted to 31,747 specimens for which many valuable additions were obtained for the collections. There were also 24,066 specimens loaned for study for the use of workers outside of Wash- ington. The selection and preparation of this material, its packing and shipment, and its installation once more in the collections on its return constitute a tremendous task that takes much time and attention. In spite of the restrictions thus imposed the work has been varied and highly pro- ductive in definite results. The Museum is handicapped through inability with present funds to take up many opportunities for field work that offer and it is important that money for such purposes be made available. At comparatively low cost much may be accomplished. On June 1, 192T, N. Judd, curator of American archeology, on leave without pay, again proceeded to New Mexico as director of the National Geographic Society's Pueblo Bonito expedition. The current field season is planned primarily as an opportunity for preparation of the scientific report on the results of this work. The field work of Dr. Hrdlicka, curator of physical anthro- pology, in 1926 consisted of an extensive archeological and anthro- pological survey of Alaska. This is described in a preliminary way in a report published in the Smithsonian Exploration volume for 1926, while a more detailed report is in preparation. Work in Alaska and nearby Siberia begun many years ago by Smithsonian interests under the leadership of Kennicott, Dall, Nelson, and others is of the utmost interest and promise. During the present season H. Krieger, curator of the division of ethnology, visited certain areas along the Yukon, while H. Dale Stewart, aid in the division of physical anthropology, went north to Nunivak Island to explore certain old village sites. The results of these investigations will be given in the report for next year, as the close of the present fiscal year found these men out of close touch with Washington. Much is expected from their observations. Among the important expeditions in which the Institution has cooperated has been that of Matthew W. Stirling, formerly assistant curator of ethnology on the Museum staff, and his associates in the interior of Dutch New Guinea. The work was carried on through private means supplied by Mr. Stirling and his companions and was finally developed as a joint enterprise with the Dutch Colonial Government. The principal object was to make anthropological and ethnological studies of the pygmy tribes, which it was expected to find on the higher slopes of the Nassau mountains with supple- 10 EBPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1921 mental work among the Papuans of the lake plain. After estab- lishing a base camp in May near the mouth of the Mamberamo River the party made reconnaissance of the interior by means of an airplane taken especially for that purpose. With a clear view of the courses of the streams that traverse the unknown interior it was possible to select the most direct route toward the final objective in the interior mountains. Following these preliminaries the expedition pushed ahead by means of boats up the Mamberamo to the Rouffaar and along that stream to a point where an overland journey was made into the country of the pygmies. The travel was hindered by heavy floods, and was beset with many uncertainties through difficulties attendant upon establishing contacts with the Papuans, who were excitable and nervous and fearful of the intention of the invaders. In the main, friendly relations prevailed and much valuable cultural material was obtained through barter with groups of hitherto un- known savages. The pygmies of the mountain slopes proved friendly and of entirely different disposition so that Mr. Stirling and his com- panions lived among them at ease without necessity for the constant guard required with the natives of the lake plain. The party com- pleted its observations in December and retraced its long journey to the coast, embarking finally for Java. Shipments of specimens to the Museum consisted of 14 large cases containing thousands of implements from peoples living under the cultural conditions of the stone age. Thanks to the generosity of Mr. Stirling and his com- panions the National Museum now possesses one of the finest collec- tions of the kind from New Guinea in existence. The work of the party has been of the highest importance in extending our knowledge of one of the few unknown areas remaining on the earth's surface. The courtesy of the Dutch Colonial Government in cooperating in the scientific work, in providing steamer transportation both for the party and for subsequent shipments of supplies, and furnishing guards to safeguard camps and parties during travel was greatly appreciated. This assistance was of the highest importance to the success of the expedition. During his second year under the Walter Rathbone Bacon scholar- ship. Schmitt, curator of marine invertebrates, con- tinued field studies of the crustacean fauna of South America, prin- cipally on the west coast from Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Punta Arenas, Chile, including visits to the island of Juan Fernandez and the Falk- land Islands, returning by way of Patagonia and Argentina. The collections brought to the Museum as a result of this year's studies are far larger than those of last year, due in part to a longer period in the field, and include several genera and one family of Crustacea found for the first time on the west coast of South America. Until October 3 work was carried on at Guayaquil, Ecuador, and vicinity, and until October 25 near Salaverry, Peru. The time until November 10 was divided between Lima, Callao, and near-by localities. On November 29 he sailed in a schooner for the island of Juan Fernandez, landing on December 7 and remaining until December 27. After visiting Valparaiso he proceeded to Concepcion, Talcahuano, and other points in Chile, collecting on the way, and arrived at Punta Arenas on January 26, 1927, where he collected until February 13. From there he took passage in a schooner for the Falkland Islands, where extensive studies and collections were made until the end of April, returning to Punta Arenas and leaving the latter port for Buenos Aires on May 2. The return was made by way of Monte- video, Santos, Eio de Janeiro, and New York, arriving in Washington on June 10. Doctor Schmitt gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance and generous hospitality received from all authorities and a large number of private persons in South America and in the Falkland Islands. Smith, director of the fisheries of Siam, honorary curator in zoology of the National Museum, continued field work in Siam. His explorations have resulted in splendid collections of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, crustaceans, and insects which are now being studied with the keenest interest by specialists in the Museum. He himself will undertake the study of the fishes. The Smithsonian-Chrysler African expedition to Tanganyika and Kenya, although undertaken to secure living animals for the Na- tional Zoological Park, resulted in additions to the Museum collec- tions, since through the interest of Dr. Mann, director, speci- mens of birds, mammals, and miscellaneous invertebrates taken at odd times, when the naturalists of the expedition were not engaged with living animals, were secured and have been presented to our collections. The material is very welcome, since it includes valuable additions to our series from the section covered. The collection of birds preserved for dissection is especially notable. On March 22, 1927, Dr. Alexander Wetmore, assistant secretary in charge of the National Museum, traveling under the Swales' fund, sailed from New York for Port au Prince, Haiti. Until the end of April he carried on field investigations in Haiti and then crossed to the Dominican Republic, finally sailing north from Puerto Plata on June 3. Through the interest of Dr. Abbott the Museum is in possession of extensive collections of birds, mammals, reptiles, am- 12 EEPOET OF IS-ATIOFAL MUSEUM, 1927 phibians, plants, and other specimens from Hispaniola. Doctor Wetmore's work in the field was planned with a view to supplement Doctor Abbott's material when necessary and to gather information on faunal areas and distribution that will be useful in the prepara- tion of reports on the Abbott collections now under way. His work in Haiti, thanks to the interest of Dr. Freeman and other mem- bers of the Service Technique, was highly successful and included investigations in the vicinity of Port au Prince, in the southern peninsula, with the coffee experiment station at Fonds-des-Negres as a base, an exploration of the high La Selle, unknown zoologically imtil this visit, a trip to the interior plain at Hinche, a visit to the caves near St. Michel, famous for their bone deposits, and finally work at Caracol on the north coast. In the Dominican Republic Doctor Wetmore worked principally on Samana Bay and in the high interior in the valley of Constanza. His collections have included many items of interest. Owing to disturbed conditions in China, the activities of A. Sowerby, under the auspices of Col. Clark, have been greatly curtailed. Nevertheless, he has succeeded in sending the Museum large and valuable collections, especially of reptiles and fishes, which have added notably to our series. Shoemaker, assistant curator of marine invertebrates, under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Wjashington, during July and August, 1926, visited the Marine Biological Laboratory, at Dry Tortugas, Fla. More than 3,300 specimens of marine invertebrates were collected for the Museum. Bartsch, curator of moUusks, in 1926 spent from August 10 to 21 at the Tortugas, and August 21 to 24 along the Florida Keys, examining Cerion colonies in continuation of his experiments in heredity with these organisms. A more detailed report on this work has already been published in the Smithsonian Exploration Pam- phlet for 1926 pp. While at the Tortugas, Doctor Bartsch made experiments in the exposure of moving-picture film among the coral reefs undersea, securing a series of pictures showing faunal associations of marine organisms in situ. As in former years, he kept account of the birds observed from day to day. Aldrich, associate curator of insects, before the close of the fiscal year departed on an expedition to the western part of the coun- try for the purpose of making collections of insects, principally Diptera, in certain regions from which very few specimens have been received in the past. Bartlett, a valued volunteer collector for the Museum, as a result of explorations off the northwest coast of Greenland in the summer of 1926, sent in 776 specimens of marine invertebrates. Maxon, associate curator of plants, left Washington in May, 1926, for Jamaica and returned early in the following August. The exploration, which was made possible by a grant from the Amer- ican Association for the Advancement of Science and the cordial cooperation of the New York Botanical Garden and the United Fruit Co. The work was extremely productive in material for use in writing a proposed descriptive volume on the ferns of Jamaica, some 2,100 numbers chiefly ferns having been collected, many of these with numerous duplicates. The present collection, with material gathered during several previous trips, comprises an ample series of specimens show- ing local distribution, altitudinal range, and habital forms of most of the 500 fern species known to occur in the island. Killip, aid, and Albert C. Smith, collaborator, left Washington for Colombia in October, 1926, and returned in April, 1927, spending approxi- mately six months in field work in the interior regions of that coun- try. The expedition was organized through the cooperation of the New York Botanical Garden, the Gray Herbarium, the Arnold Ar- boretum, and Mr. Oakes Ames, with the National Museum. The greater part of the work was done in the general vicinity of Bucara- manga, in the Department of Santander, and along the Colombian- Venezuelan border in the Department Norte de Santander. Alto- gether some 30,000 specimens of plants were collected, representing over 7,100 collection numbers. The bulk of the material, and the portion which will prove most valuable, was obtained in the difficult mountain regions of the Bucaramanga district, a nearly unexplored area not previously visited by American botanists. The present is the third recent American botanical expedition to Colombia and the second in which Mr. Killip has participated in his project to prepare a report upon the plants of Colombia. Hitchcock, custodian of the grass herbarium, spent about two months in the summer of 1926 collecting grasses in the Eocky Mountain region, and in November and December, in coopera- tion with the Tropical Plant Research Foundation, collected grasses throughout the island of Cuba. Bartlett, honorary collaborator, left last autumn upon a year's botanical collecting trip in the East Indies. A considerable collection has already been received from Formosa and at last reports excellent results were being obtained in Sumatra. Foshag, assistant curator of mineralogy and petrology, was in the field in Mexico from May 23 to late September, 1926, collecting minerals and ores and studying their occurrence at some of the chief mining centers. The localities visited were Los Lamen- tos, Santa Eulalia, La Ceja, Placer de Guadalupe, Cuchilla Parada, and Naica, in the State of Chihuahua; Sierra Mojada, in the State of Coahuila ; and Velardena and Durango, in the State of Durango. This expedition, undertaken in collaboration with Harvard Univer- sity, was highly successful, due largely to the hearty cooperation of the Mexican Government officials and American mining engineers in charge of the properties. Over two tons of material were col- lected from which representative sets have been selected for both Harvard and the National Museum. A field trip by Dr. Bassler, curator of stratigraphic paleon- tology, through France and Germany during August and September, was most fruitful of material results. Two weeks were spent in a study of the Paris Basin in company with Dr. Ferdinand Canu, of Versailles, France, the most eminent student of microfossils on the Continent. Field investigations here yielded some valuable collec- tions of microfossils, but a much larger and varied amount of mate- rial was donated by Doctor Canu from the results of his previous researches. Furthermore, Doctor Canu, to commemorate his long association with the paleontological work of the National Museum, presented his entire collection of French Cenozoic and Mesozoic fos- sils, numbering more than 100,000 specimens. Doctor Bassler visited in succession the Rhine Valley, the valley of the Main, the Early Tertiary areas around Miinich, and the classic Mesozoic region north of the Hartz Mountains. Doctor Resser spent August and September in field work in the Rocky Mountains, in continuation of the study of Cambrian strati- graphy under the direction of Secretary Walcott. He was assisted by Erwin R. Pohl, of the paleontological staff, whose special interest in the Devonian led him to secure good study collections from those strata whenever encountered. The work on the Cambrian was di- rected mainly to a determination of the section in Shoshone Canyon, west of Cody, Wyo. Here ample collections were ob- tained in strata from which the National Museum has previously had but a few fragments. Near the close of the season during several days' study of exposures in the Wasatch Mountains north of Brigham City, Utah, under the guidance of Prof. Mathews, of the University of Utah, he obtained many instructive fossils of early Paleozoic age and important stratigraphic data. Previous to the work with Doctor Resser in the Rocky Mountains, Mr. Pohl was EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 15 detailed to continue his researches of the previous year on the Devonian rocks of New York and Ontario. Under an allotment from the National Academy of Sciences Charles W. Gilmore was again enabled to visit the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. While the main object of this trip was to assist in the development of certain educational features of the canyon for the National Park Service, an opportunity was offered to make further collections of fossil footprints from the Supai formation, a level from which our collections are deficient. As a result of this expedition, Mr. Gilmore secured more than half a ton of footprints from both the Supai and the Hermit formations. A noteworthy slab of large size from the latter has the clearly impressed track- ways of no less than three different kinds of animals on its surface and will make an unusually interesting exhibit. In the early autumn of 1926 the Venice Co. It was found that the bones all belonged to one individual of very large size, but the skeleton was by no means complete. However, the por- tions remaining were of sufficient value to amply repay the time and expense required to collect and preserve them. Later in the fiscal year Doctor Gidley was detailed to visit Curtis, Okla. The visit to the first mentioned locality yielded remains of various Pleistocene mammals. At Sarasota and Zolfo Springs, Fla. As the exposition buildings were delayed in completion the Institution was not given possession of the space assigned to it until late in June, so that although part of our material was arranged by June 30 it was not possible to make complete installation of our cases until after the beginning of the present fiscal year. The section assigned to the Institution was one of the first in the Transportation Building to be arranged and made ready for display. The exposition continued until November 30, 1926. During the entire period one or more members of the staff remained in attend- ance to answer the questions of visitors and to explain the various 16 EEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 objects displayed. The material exhibited was returned to Washing- ton in December, all in good condition. The exhibits attracted much attention and were favorably received by the public. A detailed account of the exhibits shown was in- cluded in the annual report of the Museum for 1926 and need not be repeated here. SPECIAL EXHIBITION FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION On February 11, 1927, there was called a conference of the estab- lishment and Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution to which there were invited prominent Americans to advise with refer- ence to the future policy and field of service of the Institution. As a background for this conference there was arranged in the main hall of the Smithsonian Building a special exhibition to demonstrate activities in research carried on at present under the Institution. The National Museum as one of the major organizations admin- istered by the Smithsonian was prominently represented in so far as the departments of anthropology, biology, and geology were concerned. For the occasion in question a series of temporary booths was arranged by means of screens about the entire main hall. Benches, tables, and cases were utilized for the exhibition of specimens and the walls were given over to charts, diagrams, and photographs. The entire installation was arranged not as a temporary transfer of cases and materials from the halls and storage collections of the National Museum, but as a demonstration of research activities on the part of the staff. Each object displayed, while chosen for its interest, was designed to represent some particular phase of science. The entire arrangement was designed to indicate a cross section of existing researches as developed in the Museum and the Institution in general. The department of anthropology was represented by materials to show recent studies' in the anthropology and archeology of the Colum- bia River Valley of Alaska, the lower Mississippi Valley, and the ancient Indian pueblos of the Southwest, supplemented by certain matters dealing with Old World archeology, with the evolution of man as a species in the animal kingdom, and with the development of the modern American since the invasion of the New World by the Caucasian race. Projects illustrated in geology and paleontology included studies in elephants and dinosaurs as representatives of ancient vertebrate life, and illustrations of investigations into the thousands of fossil species known among the invertebrates, of the highest importance as indicators of the age of ancient rock strata with their included EEPOBT OF NATIOKAL MUSEUM, 1927 17 oils and minerals. With these were examples of minerals taken from recent gifts and bequests in the Roebling and Canfield collec- tions, together with materials to illustrate the formation of soil through the disintegration of granite arid other rock. The work comprised in the department of biology is so vast that attempt was made to cover only a few of its various' branches. The section devoted to botany, important as the foundation of agriculture, was illustrated by the results of recent explorations on the plant life of tropical America and by demonstrations of systematic studies in various groups of plants. In zoology there were shown specimens of reptiles, paintings of fishes, of insects, birds, moUusks, mammals, foraminifera, crinoids or sea lilies, and other animals arranged to demonstrate various researches, some of purely scientific interest, others of known economic application. With each section of the exhibits there were in attendance research workers of the scientific staff to explain fully to those interested the various questions involved. The exhibits proved so popular that they were thrown open to the public for several days during the week that followed. With advance in Museum methods, the objects on display are being grouped to a greater and greater extent to show relationships, with, whenever possible, some added indication of their source, so that at a glance the visitor may comprehend their true character and significance. Visitors to the exhibition halls of the National Museum reached a higher number during the present fiscal year than ever before in the history of the institution, a certain index to present-day interest in knowledge as included in the scope of the modern museum. As is usually true the greater number of visitors came during the warmer months, and as in other recent years the automobile was an important means of travel. The range of States represented by license plates on cars parked before the buildings included every section of the Union. An incidental educational feature having for its purpose the pro- motion of scientific or technical teaching throughout the country has been the distribution to schools and colleges of duplicate material, properly identified and labeled, while through its publications and correspondence the National Museum has contact with a great group of persons many of whom never come to Washington. Clark, who has continued the radio program of the Smithsonian Institution, reports that the talks are maintaining their 18 EEPOET OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 popularity and that many are preserved permanently in the form of printed articles. During the summer of 1926, as a result of the taking over of station WEAF in New York by the Radio Corpora- tion of America and the discontinuance of station WCAP in Wash- ington, the local radio situation became somewhat involved. From station WCAP station WRC acquired the scientific talks of the National Research Council and of Science Service, as well as the interesting talks on natural history subjects arranged by Percival S. As station WRC was already running the regular Smithsonian series of talks and the nature talks from the National Zoological Park, some readjustment was necessary, as it was not practicable to give out so many more or less similar talks from a single station. The situation was still further complicated by the fact that WRC had now become the Washington outlet for sta- tion WEAF, as well as for station WJZ in New York. The closest cooperation has from the first existed between the managers of all of these series of scientific talks. In view of the fact that station WRC was having considerable difficulty in arranging its program, especially in satisfying the demands for time from the two stations in New York, the representatives of the Smithsonian Institution, the National Research Council, and Science Service asked the sta- tion to regard all of the scientific talks collectively as a single unit and to allot them such time as practicable which they would divide up between themselves. The National Research Council decided to discontinue its series, and after a few talks Mr. Ridsdale also dis- continued his. Science Service shortly afterwards transferred its talks to station WMAL. This left the situation as heretofore, with the Smithsonian Institution the only organization giving scientific talks over WRC. Because of the demands on its time by outside sta- tions, station WRC this year was unable to allot to the Smithsonian Institution more than a single period each week. The nature talks from the National Zoological Park, given on Saturdays last year, were therefore combined with the regular Smithsonian series, which was given on Wednesdays instead of on Thursdays as formerly. Twenty-nine talks were given during the season as follows : Bringing home living animals from Africa. Mann, Director, National Zoological Park, November 24, 1926. Early American animals — elephants and others. Gidley, National Museum, December 1, 1926. Fisher, Harvard College Observatory, Decem- ber 8, 1926 read by Austin H. An observatory among the Hottentots. The invasion of the snowy owl. Alexander Wetmore, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, December 22, 1926. Natural history in Louisiana. State biologist of Louisiana, January 5, 1927. Mann on the sub- ject of experiences in collecting living animals in Africa, January 19, 1927. Sir Douglas Mawson, The University, Adelaide, South Australia. Cochran, National Museum, February 2, 1927. White ants or termites. Snyder, Bureau of Entomology, Feb- ruary 9, 1927. The romance of the lighthouse service. Conway, Deputy Commissioner of. Lighthouses, February 23, 1927. Prytherch, Bureau of Fisheries, March 2, 1927. Gidley, National Museum, March 7, 1927. Fishery products in the arts and industries. Lewis Radcliffe, Deputy Com- missioner of Fisheries, March 16, 1927. Beetles : what they are and vvhat they do. Chapin, Bureau of Entomology, March 21, 1927. Mitman, National Museum, March 28, 1927. The study of the sun-. Fowle, Astrophysical Observatory, April 6, 1927. Clark, National Museum, April 13, 1927. Cochran, National Museum, April 20, 1927. Hambleton, Bureau of Entomology, April 27, 1927. Poole, National Museum, May 4, 1927. Fossil footprints in the Grand Canyon. Gilmore, National Mu- seum, May 11, 1927. Who owns Potomac Park? Merrill, National Museum, May 18, 1927. Hamliu, president, American Association of Museums, May 25, 1927. The Black Hills of South Dakota. Gidley, National Museum, June 1, 1927. Goldfish and other aquarium creatures. Leach, Bureau of Fisheries, June 8, 1927. East, National Museum, June 15, 1927. The Gold Coast, West Africa. Knowles, Director of Agriculture, Accra, Gold Coast, June 22, 1927. The coins of Asia. Belote, National Museum, June 29, 1927. The National Museum has no funds that may be devoted to lec- ture courses and conducts no definite activities of that kind, except as members of the staff may present talks before various organiza- tions and meetings. A brief review of work of this sort during the past year is presented together with an account of educational activi- ties through loans of specimens and other means. The Florida State College for Women, of Tallahassee, Fla. Walter Hough gave a talk on Americana to a group of the Archaeological League, and on American aboriginal art before the art section of the Twentieth Century Club. He talked on Egypt before the Carnegie Library Association. Groups of the Wilson Teachers Normal School were given explanations of the collections in anthropology by members of the staff. Three hundred members of the National Farm Boys and Girls 4-H Club, brought to Wash- ington by the Department of Agiiculture, were shown the ethno- logical collection by the head curator of the department. Doctor Casanowicz guided a high-school group from Virginia through the classical exhibits, and also explained the Assyro-Baby- lonian antiquities to a group from the Oyster School of Washington. Talks were given by Doctor Hrdlicka, curator of physical anthro- pology at the Museum to students of divinity from Catholic Univer- sity, Professor Duncan's class of the American University, and the graduating class of St. John's College, Annapolis, Md. He gave lectures outside to the Club of University Women, the Washington City Club, the City Club, the Men's Club of Mount Pleasant Congre- gational Church, and before the Anthropological Society of Wash- ington, and a presidential address at the meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Philadelphia. In addition, a number of lectures, where expenses were paid, were given at several institu- tions outside of Washington, before the Teachers' Institute, Spring- field, 111. Bell Telephone System Co. Cochran, assistant curator of reptiles, rendered assistance to the nature study teachers of the public schools of the city, by giving several half -hour talks on the commoner North Ameri- can reptiles and amphibians. She also addressed the students of the Howard University medical school on the subject of poisonous rep- tiles with exhibition of specimens and a visit to the reptile hall. Aldrich, associate curator of insects, gave two lectures on REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 21 Diptera affecting man before the junior medical students of Howard University, and an exhibit of several species of Diptera injurious to man was prepared for use by the officials of the Bureau of Entomol- ogy at the meeting of the American Medical Association. Paul Bartsch, as head professor of zoology at George Washington Univer- sity, and professor of parasitology at the medical school of Howard University, frequently brought classes to the Museum for examina- tion of exhibits. He also gave a number of popular lectures before various organizations on natural-history subjects. The Parent-Teachers' Association at the New Brightwood School was addressed on problems connected with the retarded child in the light of modern medical investigation. The Dunbar High School students were given an address on chalk, chalk animals and their relatives, and the Vivarium Society at the National Zoological Park was given a talk on mollusks, their habits and method of culture. During the meeting of the American Association of Museums held in Wash- ington he conducted the symposium on science museums, which was held at the Willard Hotel on the evening of May 24, 1927. In his capacity of news manager originally director of publicity for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Mr. Clark attended the meetings of the association held in Philadel- phia from December 27, 1926, to January 1, 1927. A detailed ac- count of the news service at this meeting has been published in Science. Educational work by members of the staff of the division of plants has consisted mainly of assistance rendered in connection with the identification of material for such organizations as the American Nature Association, and in suggesting methods of work and titles of helpful literature, much of this help, though official, having been extended informally. Kose delivered an illustrated lec- ture on cacti before the Botanical Society of America at the mid- winter meeting, and Professor Hitchcock and Mrs. Agnes Chase presented more technical papers on taxonomy at the same time. Foshag acted as associate editor of the American Min- eralogist and as councilor of the Mineralogical Society of America. Upon the invitation of the Philadelphia Mineralogical Society he delivered an informal talk on his trip into northern Mexico. About 700 persons were present at the two lec- tures. On several occasions he has given brief explanatory talks tc classes from various schools of Washington and vicinity. Gilmore and Doctor Gidley have prepared and broad- cast radio talks in the Smithsonian course, the former delivering one and the latter three. Doctors Bassler and Resser gave lectures and informal talks to classes in natural science of the Washington high schools and visiting schools, as well as to young people brought here by other departments of the Government. The 4r-H Club of the Department of Agricul- ture, numbering several hundred, received instruction in the work of the paleontologist from Doctor Bassler. Various universities also have brought their advanced classes in geology to Washington and tc these Doctor Bassler has explained the Museum's activities as well as the local geology. Doctor Bassler continues to serve as examiner in geological subjects for the Girl Scouts, while Doctor Resser hap had occasion to lecture on the work of the Institution at local churches and near-by colleges. Both presented papers before scien- tific organizations, and Doctor Bassler completed his seventeenth year as secretary of the Paleontological Society of America. He has also served as director of one of the major projects of the National Research Council in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute. The divisions of mineral and mechanical technology rendered their usual assistance to local schools by lectures on mineral technology by Carl W. Taylor and on mechanical technology by Paul E. Probably the largest individual group to whom the collections were explained was the 4-H Club of boy and girl farmers who were entertained by the Department of Agriculture for a week in June, 1927. Taylor gave a talk on the activities of the EEPORT OF IsTATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 23 Smithsonian and its branches before the student branch of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers at its spring meeting at George Washington University. In the division of textiles informal talks were given in the halls by F. Lewton to classes from the Washington Missionary College, Takoma Park, Md. Rosson to classes from Wilson Kormal School of Washington. C, enrolled in its training department, have come to the Museum in groups for talks on textiles by Mr. This year a change was made whereby the lectures were given at the store to a much larger group, permitting a more formal pre- sentation and covering a wider field. Thus, on February 7, 9, and 10, 1927, Mr. Lewton gave lectures to three groups of store employees on the technology of yarn and cloth construction, in which the effect on the finished goods of the different physical properties of the five principal fibers was emphasized. He was also the speaker for indus- trial arts evening at the Arts Club of Washington, on February 10, when he gave an informal talk on the technology of fabric decora- tion, illustrated by specimens of fabrics showing special types of dec- oration such as weft and warp printing, and cross-dyeing effects. High School through the wood court speak- ing on the collection generally. The District of Columbia Parent-Teacher Congress made special arrangements to have the health exhibits explained to its members. The first delegation consisted of about 50 members, and throughout 69199—27 3 24 EEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 the year other delegations of varying numbers called for the same purpose. The American Optometric Association during its annual convention in Washington included in its program a visit to the Museum for the express purpose of studying the exhibits of the hall of health. Several hundred delegates from all parts of the. United States were included in the group. In connection with American forest week activities, the section of wood technology installed exhibits during the period that covered tree planting, timber growing, forest protection, recreation, and utilization. During American forest week 18,739 persons visited the building, and up to closing time on May 18, when some of the exhibits were removed, 48,163 visitors had been recorded. Tolman, assistant curator of the division of graphic arts, gave one talk before the convention of American Pen Women. At the present time this division has six traveling exhibits of graphic arts which show how prints are made, and two traveling exhibits on the history of photography. These were shown 47 times in public schools, colleges, libraries, and other establishments from Massachu- setts to California. These exhibits are available for display by anj' organization that is interested, the only expense being the expressage. The two larger exhibits are engaged for nearly the entire next sea- son, and a number of engagements have been arranged for the smaller ones. VISITORS The Museum buildings are open to the public free of charge every week day from 9 a. This year all exhibition halls were closed on Christmas Day and New Year's Day, following the precedent of 1926, and the Smithsonian Building was closed to the public for two days, February 10 and 11, 1927, when the Institu- tion was using the public halls for a conference. In connection with the Nation's welcome to Col. Lindbergh on June 11, all exhibition halls were closed at noon. The flags on all Museum buildings were placed at half mast at 12. The offices in all Museum buildings were closed all day February 12 and the exhibition halls were closed to the public after 2 p. Aver- age attendance for week days was 3,263 and for Sundays, with only two buildings open, 2,660. The number of visitors to the Smith- EEPORT OF N-ATIONAX, MUSEUM, 1927 25 sonian Building during the year was 128,868 and to the Aircraft Building 82,628, a daily average of 414 for the former and 265 for the latter ; to the Arts and Industries Building, 338,566 on week days and 41,864 on Sundays, a daily week-day average of 1,088 and a Sunday average of 805 ; and to the Natural History Building, 464,800 on week days and 96,486 on Sundays, a daily week-day average of 1,494 and a Sunday average of 1,855. The following tables show, respectively, the attendance of visitors during each month of the last year and for each year since 1881, when the building now devoted to arts and industries was first opened to the public: Nurtiber of visitors during the year ended June SO, 1927 Year and month 1926 July August September. PUBLICATIONS The publications issued during the year include 10 volumes, namely, the annual report for 1926; Bulletin 134, Material Culture of the People of Southeastern Panama, Based on Specimens in the United States National Museum, by Herbert W. Krieger ; Bulletin 135, Life Histories of North American Marsh Birds, Orders Odontoglossae, Herodiones, and Paludicolae, by Arthur Cleveland Bent; Bulletin 136. Handbook of the Collection of Musical Instruments in the United States National Museum, by Frances Densmore; Bulletin 137, The Collection of Primitive Weapons and Armor of the Philippine Is- lands in the United States National Museum, by Herbert W. Krieger ; Bulletin 138, The Fossil Stalk-eyed Crustacea of the Pacific Slope of North America, by Mary J. Eathbun; Bulletin 139, Fire as an REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 27 Agent in Human Culture, by Walter Hough; Bulletin 140, Bird Parasites of the Nematode Suborders Strongylata, Ascaridata, and Spirurata, by Eloise B. Cram, and a very small edition, for office use, of the complete volume 67 of the Proceedings and the complete volume 23, Contributions from the United States National Herba- rium. Sixty-three separate papers published include three papers in the Bulletin series, 5 in the Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, and 55 in the Proceedings. A third and revised edition of the Illustrated Handbook of the Department of Geology of the United States National Museum was printed. The complete distribution of the volumes and separates to libraries and individuals on the regular mailing lists aggregated 101,598 copies, while in addition 8,982 copies of publications issued during this and previous years were supplied in response to special requests. The mailing lists have been carefully revised to avoid loss in distribution so far as practicable. The editorial office, besides supervising the printing of the publica- tions, has charge also of all miscellaneous printing and binding for the Museum, in which connection 711,119 forms, labels, and other items were printed and 2,202 volumes were bound. LIBKART The library of the National Museum, in common with the other divisions of the Smithsonian library, owes its growth largely to the exchange of publications between the Institution and its branches and other learned institutions and societies throughout the world. These publications come to the library direct, or through the International Exchange Service, which is administered by the Institution. During the last fiscal year 31,647 packages of one or more publications each came by mail and 7,459 through the exchange. This was an increase of more than 1,200 packages over the year before, and testified to the generous response made to the letters prepared by the library asking for numbers missing from its sets, or proposing or accepting exchange relations with new societies. After the 39,106 packages had been opened, the items were stamped, entered, and sent to the appropriate divisions of the library, but chiefly to the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress and the library of the National Museum. During the year 2,492 volumes and 1,299 pamphlets were added to the Museum library, representing an increase in accessions of more than 20 per cent over the year before, and giving the library a total of 69,300 volumes and 105,716 pamphlets. Most of the accessions came, as has been said, by exchange; others came by gift, especially from the Library of Congress, which was generous enough to send from its collection of duplicates 512 volumes and 1,926 parts of vol- 28 EEPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 umes needed by the library, Otlier important gifts were made by the late Secretary Walcott, Dr. Among the 71 volumes and 73 pamphlets given by Doctor Holmes was a manuscript volume of letters that scores of his friends in America and abroad had written to him on his eightieth birthday. This volume, together with several others of personal interest given by Doctor Holmes, was assigned to the library of the National Gallery of Art. Some of the other donors were Assistant Secretary Wetmore, Dr. Clark, the late Dr. In the course of the year 12,274 parts of periodicals were entered, 710 volumes and 948 pamphlets were catalogued, and 4,818 cards were added to the shelf list. One of the most important pieces of work was the preparation of nearly 2,000 volumes for binding, of which 1,439 were sent to the binder, and 1,183 on their return checked, ac- cessioned, and shelved. The loans to members of the scientific staff totaled 4,316, of which 1,721 were borrowed from the Library of Congress and 137 elsewhere. The other loans numbered 198, made chiefly to Government libraries and libraries outside of Washington. Loans of especial interest, as the items were rare in this country, were made to the California Academy of Sciences, the University of Wis- consin, and Johns Hopkins University. To the last were sent 104 titles in paleobotany. Thousands of publications were consulted in the reference room, both by members of the staff and by other research workers, including a number from foreign countries. In addition to the regular work of the year, several important special tasks were undertaken. The intensive effort to complete broken sets of periodicals, begun last year, was continued with excel- lent results. A beginning was also made toward cataloguing some of the special collections in the sectional libraries. Among the others were the filing of 30,866 cards in the methodical and alphabetic sets of the Concilium Bibliographicum, which was almost twice the number filed the year before ; the final checking of the holdings of the library for the forthcoming Union List of Serials; and the preparation, in connection with the other divisions of the Smithsonian library, of an exhibit of books for the conference on the future held at the Institu- tion last February. The number of sectional libraries in the Museum is now 37. These represent important working units of the main library. KEPOET OP NATIOITAL MUSEUM, 1927 29 Botany. National Gallery of Art. I The technological library, which is located in the Old Museum Building, concerns itself chiefly with the useful arts and industries. During the past year the work of reorganization that was begun two years before was continued, but, owing to the increasing difficulty of the task and the lack of help, was not completed. The shelf list was finished, however, by the addition of 2,500 cards, and an excellent beginning made on the inventory. Many duplicates were removed to the west stacks of the Smithsonian Building, together with a large number of Government publications and publications of various States not needed in the Library. These will be disposed of later. Their removal from the old museum building has materially increased the space available for collections necessary to the work of the curators. The loans numbered 450. The library of the National Gallery of Art, which is at present administered as a sectional library of the National Museum, is in reality one of the ten divisions of the Smithsonian library, and as such is entitled to a place by itself in the annual report of the Libra- rian. This library increased during the year by 123 volumes, 738 parts of volumes, and 120 pamphlets. It now totals 704 volumes and 785 pamphlets. The most important gift of the year was made by Dr. Holmes, director of the gallery. It has already been spoken of among the accessions to the library of the National Museum. On the whole, the year was one of progress toward solving the problems which have arisen in connection with the work of reorgan- izing the Museum library that was begun three years ago. For these purposes the library is in serious need of funds. PHOTOGRAPIIIC LABORATORY The photographic laboratory of the Museum, with but three em- ployees, reports as the work of the year the making of 1,577 nega- tives, 11,971 prints, 310 lantern slides, 71 enlargements, and 2 trans- parencies; the development of 120 field negatives, 63 rolls, and 22 film packs; the mounting of 831 prints and 32 prints bleached for drawing. These were required for illustrations in publications or for record purposes in the National Museum and the National Gal- lery of Art. The Museum through a cooperative arrangement serves the Gallery along these lines. BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT Building repairs and alterations. The walls and ceiling of the bird storage room on the third floor were painted white, greatly im- proving the lighting and facilitating work in all parts of the space. In the Arts and Industries Building the worn-out copper down- spouts leading from the upper to the lower roofs were replaced by galvanized-iron spouts. The tin roofs over the four courts, the north and the west halls, sections of the rotunda, and over the restaurant were given a coat of metallic paint. New wire screens were installed in windows of the exhibition halls, and new awnings were provided for the skylight over the restaurant. In the interior, portions of the walls in several exhibition halls were pointed up and painted, -and the wooden floor in a small storage room was renewed. In connection with the Smithsonian Building the most important work was the repairing and painting of the exterior of all window sashes and doors; the completion of the remodeling of the disburs- ing offices, begun in 1926, to provide greater protection on pay day; the painting of the public comfort room for men ; and the attaching of safety treads on the oak steps leading from the first floor to the basement of the north tower. EEPORT OF NATIOITAL MUSEUM, 1927 31 The roof and the exterior of two sides of the metal Aircraft Build- ing were painted, and the other two sides were touched up where necessary. Heat, light, aiid power 'plaiit. The plant has been in operation nearly 18 years, during which time a number of major repairs have been made to the main generat- ing unit, which consists of three 250 and one 125 horsepower engines. The new steam valves installed on the large units in 1926 have in- creased somewhat their efficiency and have made it possible to carry somewhat heavier loads than heretofore. New pistons, complete with rings, rods, and packing, have now been installed on these units, which will add to their smooth and continuous operation. The Taylor mechanical stokers have required somewhat less attention than previously, due partly to the installation of new gear cases on two of the boilers. The boilers were given annual inspection, as usual, by the Steam- boat Inspection Service and reported in good condition. The new feed water connections requested by the inspector the preceding year were changed to meet his approval. In the operation of the plant, 3,329 tons of bituminous coal were used during the year, which is slightly less than consumed in 1926. Electric current generated during the year totaled 686,041 kilo- watt hours, at a cost of 1. It should be noted that the cur- rent produced approaches 600,000 kilowatt hours which, for the time the plant is in operation, is about all that can be produced. During the summer when the plant is not in operation, current for power and light is purchased from a commercial concern under contract made by the Treasury Department. The ice plant in operation for 3,413 hours produced 368 tons of ice, which was sufficient to meet the needs of all the buildings of the Institution in the Smithsonian Park. The labor turnover in connection with the heating, lighting, and power plant has been greater than ever before. Even during the World War, when labor was scarce, there was no such considerable 32 EEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 turnover in the boiler-room force as has been the case this year. Until the salary rates for firemen and many of the other employees, as well as for skilled mechanics, can be substantially increased, work will continue to be greatly handicapped. The plant in the Natural History Building,, when installed about 1910, was designed to care for the Smithsonian Building, the Nat- ural History Building, and the Arts and Industries Building. Since then the heating and lighting and ventilating of the Freer Gallery of Art and of the Aircraft Building have been added. This has necessitated supplementing the main plant by using the old boilers in the Arts and Industries Building during the severest winter weather. The plant has always been operated with an absolute minumum of employees, and as a matter of economy the Museum has relied upon obtaining temporary help for about four months each year to run this additional unit. Experience has shown, however, that it is impossible to secure suitable temporary employees because of the low salary grades maintaining at the Museum and since all appointees must enter the service at the minimum of the grade. Temporary employees are not granted sick or annual leave, which further detracts from the service. Under these conditions it is absolutely necessary for the Museum to have an additional permanent engineer, a fireman, and an elevator conductor, in order that the plant may be efficiently operated. Dur- ing the same period 12 exhibition cases and bases, 7 pieces of storage, laboratory, and office furniture, and 180 wing frames were condemned as unfit for further use. An inventory of furniture on hand Jime 30, 1927, shows 3,715 exhibition cases and bases; 12,364 pieces of storage, laboratory and office furniture ; 51,235 wooden unit drawers ; 4,712 metal unit drawers; 14,544 insect drawers; 18,933 special drawers; 1,185 wooden boxes; and 533 wing frames. MEETINGS AND RECEPTIONS The United States National Museum, with its fully equipped audi- torium and lecture room, is precluded by its limited maintenance funds from initiating courses of lectures in its own behalf. It freely offers its meeting facilities, however, to other organizations of kindred purposes for their regular and special gatherings and assists so far as possible in carrying out their programs. The auditorium and lecture room were utilized on 114 such occasions during the year. The contacts made and the variety of interests served will be seen from the following list of organizations using these facilities, and the names of speakers and titles of lectures delivered. July 31, 2 p. Meeting of special class under supervision of William M. August 11, 7 p. Exhibi- tion of motion pictures of the World War and two reels in deaf and dumb language. August 20, 8 p. Dennis Murphy, lieutenant governor of Mississippi, and others. Exhibition of motion pictures and concert by quartet. Illustrated address by M. Hearing to consider the advisability of extend- ing the Japanese beetle quarantine to include the States of New York and Connecticut. Talk by Shirley W. Illustrated lecture by Dr. Ad- dresses by Dr. October 12, 8 p. Illustrated lecture by Maj. C, and its parks. October 30, 11 a. November 4, 8 p. Illustrated lecture by H. November 9, 8 p. Illustrated lecture by Dr. December 2, 8 p. Business meeting, with election of officers. December 14, 8 p. Joint meeting, with address by W. Elgin, vice president and general manager of the Philadelphia Electrical Co. Illustrated lecture by H. Ad- dresses by Dr. Aldrieh, retiring president, and by Dr. Patton and his work. Walter Hough, introduced by Dr. January 11, 8 p. Illustrated address by Dr. Annual meeting and election of oflBcers. Reports on summer trips by members. Annual meeting, with address by Warren K. Conference to consider revising rules and regulations for protection of game. January 28, 8 p. Recep- tion in honor of the ambassador from Cuba, Senor Dr. Orestes Ferrara, and Senator R. Means, of Colorado, on the anniversary of the birth of Jos6 Marti, the Cuban patriot. Addresses were made by the ambassador and the Senator. Motion pictures were shown and music rendered by the Army band. February 2, 8 p. Illus- trated lecture by Dr. Business meeting, with election of officers. Illustrated lecture by Alden H. February 8, 8 p. February 10, 8 p. A patriotic gathering, with vocal and instrumental music and addresses. February 15, 8 p. Illus- trated address by Maj. Celebration of Washington's birthday. Il- lustrated address by Dr. Illus- trated address by C. Illustrated address by Dr. Illustrated lecture by Edwin 0. Ad- dressed by Dr. Illus- trated lecture by P. Illustrated address by Dr. Address by Miss Doris M. Illus- trated lecture by Prof. Orations delivered by pupils of private and parochial schools in the Washington Star area. Music rendered by the Pov? April 12, 8 p. Illustrated lec- ture by P. April 19 to 21 : District of Columbia Dental Society. Dental educational cam- paign for better teeth — better health. April 20, 8 p. April 26, 2 p. Illustrated address by C. Extension Work, United States Department of Agriculture. Dunlap, Assist- ant Secretary, Department of Agriculture; by A. April 30, 8 p. Illustrated lecture by Herbert N. Exhibition of motion pictures illustrating the Alaskan fisheries, game and forest, and vocal music by employees of the service. Addresses by three competitors — John Oscar Bell, jr. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 37 May 5, 8 p. Ad- dresses by C. May 10, 8 p. Illustrated lecture by Dr. May 18, 8 p. Illustrated address by Capt. Meet- ing under leadership of Dr. Woods, and music by the Navy band. Illustrated address by E. Notes and exhibition of specimens. Conference of the National Farm Boys and Girls 4-H Club. Auditorium, used for 10 general sessions and room 43 for 6 conferences of State leaders and special committee meetings. The program included an address of welcome by Hon. Jardine, Secretary of Agriculture; addresses by Mrs. Maole Walker Willebrandt, Assistant Attorney General; Dr. Mann, director of the National Zoological Park ; J. Tigert, United States Commissioner of Education ; Hon. Aswell of Louisiana, and Dr. Abernethy, and an exhibition of motion pictures of birds. Public hearing to consider the advisability of quarantining the State of Texas on account of the Morelos orange worm. June 23, 8 p. Bartlett, First Assistant Postmaster General. First prize was won by Dean Lucas, of West Salem, Ohio. The A7n0rica7i Association of Musewm. C, from May 23 to 25, 1927. The opening session on the forenoon of May 23 was held in one of the graphic art exhi- bition halls of the National Museum in the Smithsonian Building, where a temporary meeting place was arranged. Hamlin, presided, and the dele- gates were welcomed by the Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. Eea, director of The Cleveland Museum of Na- tional History, presented the report of the committee on museum finance. Other sessions of the convention were held elsewhere. The first floor of the Natural History Building was thrown open for a reception on September 14, 1926, to delegates to the Seventh International Conference of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and to members of the diplomatic corps of the countries belonging to the union. This followed the lecture by M. Hale, of the National Kesearch Council, was in charge of the arrangements. Alexander Wetmore, assistant secretary, represented the Smithsonian Institution on the receiving line. On April 19, 1927, the National Gallery of Art and the other halls on the first floor of the Natural History Building were the setting for a reception to the Daughters of the American Revolution who were gathering in Washington for their annual convention. Music for the occasion was furnished by the Army band. On the evening of June 20, 1927, the exhibition halls on the first and second floors of the Natural History Building were opened for a reception to the delegates and guests of the First International Congress of Soil Science, the Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. Abbot, heading the receiving line, CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION AND STAFF The organization of the Museum remained unchanged through- out the year, but the changes in the scientific staff included the loss of several prominent scientists. In the department of anthropology, Thomas D. Stewart tem- porarily served as aid in the division of physical anthropology from December 1, 1926, to March 1, 1927, when he was permanently ap- pointed to the position. The appointment of Dr. George Grant MacCurdy as collaborator in anthropology was extended for one year from March 1, 1927. Lenman, of Washington, D. C, who has long been a benefactor of the national collections, was made collaborator in ethnology on March 30, 1927. Judd, curator of American archeology, was on furlough from the Museum from July 1 to October 31, 1926, and during Jmie, 1927, to direct explorations of the National Geographic Society, In the department of biology Miss Doris M, Cochran was ad- vanced from aid to assistant curator in the division of reptiles and batrachians on March 1, 1927. On December 11, 1926, A. Brazier Howell, corresponding secretary of the American Society of Mam- EEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 39 malogists, was appointed collaborator in the division of mammals; and Albert C. Smith was given a similar appointment in the division of plants for one year from October 1, 1926. In the department of geology Miss Margaret W. Moodey's title was changed on July 1, 1926, from recorder to aid ; Dr. Paul Bartsch, curator of moUusks in the department of biology, was given appoint- ment in the department of geology as curator of Cenozoic inverte- brates from April 18, 1927; and Dr. Cushman, who has long worked on the national collections, was appointed collaborator in the division of stratigraphic paleontology for six months from May 10, 1927. In the department of arts and industries, Carl W. Mitman was on furlough from July 1 to December 31, 1926, assisting in develop- ment of plans for an industrial museum for New York City, though he spent the week ends in Washington and continued general over- sight of the work of the divisions of mineral and mechanical tech- nology, R. Smith, aid in the division of graphic arts, was granted furlough for one year from October 8, 1926, to accept the assistant secretaryship of the American Association of Museums. The Museum was deprived by death of several important members of its scientific staff, all of whom had long been associated with the Museum. Walcott, keeper of the Museum; Dr. Dall, honorary curator of moUusks and associate curator of Cenozoic collection; Dr. Knowlton, custodian of mesozoic plants; Dr. Paul Haupt, associate in historic archeology. The death of George C. McClain, for over 40 years a member of the mechanical force of the Museum, came during the year. Knowlton, paleobotanist of the United States Geo- logical Survey and custodian of mesozoic plants in the United States National Museum, died on November 22, 1926. He was born in Brandon, Vt. He was a born naturalist, publishing his first paper, A List of the Birds of Brandon, Vt. Shortly after graduation he entered the employ of the National Museum, first being appointed aid in the old division of fossil and recent plants under Dr. Ward, and in 1887 being advanced to assistant curator of fossil plants. After several summer's field work with United States Geological Survey parties he began to turn his attention more particularly to fossil forms and made his first con- tribution in 1888, a description of the silicified woods of Araucarioxy- lon arizomcuTn in the celebrated fossil forest in Arizona. In 1889 he was appointed assistant paleontologist on the survey, where he remained during the rest of his life, with the exception of a brief 69199—27 1 40 REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 period in 1892-93. In 1894 he was appointed honorary custodian of mesozoic plants in the National Museum, a title that he held to the time of his death. In 1907 he gained the full rank of geologist on the survey, retaining his quarters in the National Museum where he had access to the collections upon which his work was based. Doctor Knowlton was an earnest student, in manner kindly and genial. For the greater part of his career he was afflicted with chronic bronchial asthma, which seriously interfered with his work but never dampened his enthusiasm nor altered his kindly dis- position. On February 2, 1888, Dr. Paul Haupt born Gorlitz, Geimany, November 25, 1868 , professor of the Semitic languages at Johns Hopkins University, of Baltimore, Md. Cyrus Adler as assistant curator, began the preparation of a study series of casts of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities. In 1898 he was appointed honorary curator of the division of his- toric archeology, and in 1905 associate in historic archeology, a posi- tion held at his death December 17, 1926. This long and active connection was of incalculable benefit to the Museum, as Doctor Haupt, a world acclaimed authority on Orientalia, was always at hand to give council on this subject. Doctor Haupt was a master of Biblical. He was an indefatigable worket and liis writings on Biblical and Assyrian philology, archeology, history, comparative Semitic grammar, Sumerian, and similar subjects, num- ber more than 400. William Healey Dall, honorary curator of the division of mol- lusks and cenozoic invertebrates in the National Museum, died March 27, 1927. Doctor Dall was born in Boston, Mass. In 1865 when a very young man he was appointed chief of the scientific corps of the Western Union Interna- tional Telegraph expedition to Alaska, a place which he held for three years. It was on his return from this expedition that, through the influence of Professor Baird, he became affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution, a connection which lasted 58 years. From 1870 to 1885 he was an assistant in the Coast Survey and spent several years in ex- ploration in Alaska. In 1885 he was appointed a paleontologist of the Geological Survey, a place which he held until his retirement in 1925, with office in the National Museum, where he had especial charge of fossil moUusks. To Doctor Dall belongs the credit for establishing the splendid organization, installation, and care of th6 division of moUusks and cenozoic invertebrates in the National Mu- seum, which, under his leadership has grown to be the largest of its kind in the world. DETAILED REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY By Walter Hough, Head Curator A year of increased activity in exploration has swelled the receipt of specimens in this department beyond precedent. Work con- ducted by Dr. Walter Fewkes, Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, at an ancient pueblo near Flagstaff, Ariz. Through funds provided by the Bureau of American Ethnology field researches were made possible during the field season of 1926 ; by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, curator of physical anthropology, in reconnaissance of many sites of ancient villages in Alaska; by Herbert W. Krieger, curator of ethnology, at Indian sites on the upper Columbia River and in southern Alaska; by Henry B. The work of Neil M. Judd, curator of American archeology at Pueblo Bonito, N. Especially noteworthy in its importance to the Museum was the exploration of unknown parts of Dutch New Guinea by Matthew W. Stirling, formerly assistant curator of ethnology, thro'ugh private means supplied by Mr. Stirling and his associates. This enterprise, originated by Mr. Stirling, was carried out as a joint exploration by the Dutch Colonial government of the East Indies and Mr. Stirling, representing the Smithsonian. The expedi- tion made use of an airplane furnished by Mr. Stirling for pre- liminary reconnaissance and then penetrated inland across the Lake Plain of New Guinea to the pygmy settlements in the Nassau Moun- tains along river routes examined from the air. The cooperation of the Dutch Government in these investigations is highly appreciated. Parties in the field at the close of the fiscal year included Mr. Judd, at Pueblo Bonito; Henry B. Dale Stewart, aid in the division of physical anthropology, at Nunivak Island, Alaska; and Herbert W. Krieger, on the Yukon River, Alaska. Of first importance was the collection of several thousand objects presented by Matthew W. Stirling and resulting from the explora- tion mentioned in the interior of New Guinea. This consists of bows and arrows, haf ted stone axes, stone knives, chisels ; woven bags, armor, wristlets; innumerable barbaric ornaments, necklaces, head- dresses; fire thongs, pipes, salt bundles, and many other objects secured often in series and forming a wonderful exhibit of the mate- rial culture of these peoples. This material is entirely new to the Museum collections and contains much previously unknown to science, especially where secured from hitherto unvisited Papuans and from Negritos of the Nassau range in central Dutch New Guinea. Current exploration and investigations in the ethnology and archeology of Alaska by the Bureau of American Ethnology re- sulted in several valuable collections. That obtained by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka in the summer of 1926 consisted of many ancient and mod- ern artifacts, much extending the Museum's fine collection from Alaska. In this connection material lent by Karl Lomen is impor- tant as it contains many specimens of etching and carving on fossil ivory made by extinct people belonging to some as yet undetermined race. A noteworthy American Indian collection received as a gift from C. Costumes, beadwork, and other objects collected by the late Col. Heyl, United States Army. Several hundred specimens of Philippine ethnologica, given by Gen. Bliss, United States Army, consist of costumes, weapons, weavings, and other objects of value. From Miss Isobel H. Lenman there were received as a loan over 100 rare hea Jdresses, ornaments, and other objects from the Pacific Islands. Richard Wainwright also presented a number of Indian baskets, pieces of pottery, and stonework. The division of American archeology makes special mention of the large contribution of the National Geographic Society in material collected by Neil M. Judd at Pueblo Bonito, N. The specimens, numbering 2,480, including many lots, consist of pottery, stone, bone, wood, and shell artifacts of the advanced material culture of this ancient pueblo whose inhabitants have passed into oblivion. The society also pre- sented material secured from Pueblo del Arroyo, N. A large collection excavated by Dr. Walter Fewkes REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 43 from a ruin named Eldon Pueblo, near Flagstaff, Ariz. Krieger, exploring for the bureau, brought back a large collection of pottery, stone, and bone implements and ornaments from extended investigations of sites on the Upper Columbia Eiver. The field work of Henry B. A series of earthenware vessels, stone imple- ments, and shards, was collected by Dr. Manuel Gamio, of Mexico, for the Archaeological Society of Washington, who loaned them to the Museum. Nine stone images from Tennessee, purchased from the collection of the late W. Among other accessions are such rarities as a manuscript on palm spathe from the Battaks, a tribe living in the central highlands of Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, the only non-Mohammedan lettered people in the Indian Archipelago, presented by Miss Rose E. Fankhauser; and a mag- nificent Buddhist manuscript measuring 23 by 2% inches, written in Siamese Pali on palm leaves, held between covers which are beauti- fully gilded, lacquered, and ornamented with mythical animals and floral designs, received as a gift from the Siamese National Library, H. Prince Damrong, president, Bangkok, Siam, through Dr. The collection embraced 58 Indian and Eskimo skeletons, 342 separate skulls, large numbers of lower jaws and other parts of the skeletons. The photographs, mainly por- traits of the natives, include several hundred, of which about 150 were made by the curator, A further important acquisition by the division was a set of valuable casts of the Krapina early man, ob- tained through Prof. Karl Gorjanovic-Kramberger, of the Geologicko- Paleontologicko Museum, Zagreb, Jugoslavia. Other valuable acces- sions include 63 Indian crania, with some other skeletal parts, col- lected in mounds and burial sites of Louisiana and Mississippi by Henry B. Accessions in the section of musical instruments consisted of two harpsichords in glass cases, the gift of Hugo Worch, and three old square pianos, also presented by Mr. In the section of ceramics notable accessions during the year were 64 specimens of Chinese pottery and bronze received as a loan from the estate of Gen. Humphrey, United States Army; an old American plate decorated with a spread eagle, gift of Robert D. Weaver ; a copy of the oldest Worcester jug, donated by Mrs. Marian Bruce Clark; and pewter, snuff boxes, and a condiment set, a gift from Mrs. Accessions received during the year in the section of art textiles consisted of several French ecclesiastical paintings of the thirteenth century, lent by Mrs. Barney; an especially fine old bag worked with beads and silk, several snuff boxes, and embroidered handkerchief, presented by Mrs. Stanton; 15 pieces of lace, donated by Miss Isabella C. Bucking- ham; and an Italian white linen hand-woven towel, gift from Mrs. A Duchess lace fan was received as a bequest from Mrs. INSTALLATION AND PEESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS Rearrangements of exhibits in ethnology were on a rather exten- sive scale due to the return of the collection seijit for exhibit to the Sesquicentennial Exposition, and also to the transfer of the Piney Branch quarry group to the division of archeology. The present exhibit was improved whenever possible by the introduction of types of processes or methods employed by aboriginal artisans. The an- tique ironwork presented by Heinrich Meyn was placed- on public view, cases containing Alaskan ivories, collected by Doctor Hrdlicka and Karl Lomen were placed in the Eskimo section, and the splendid collection of Moro brass lent by Maj. Edward Dworak, United States Army, was installed in the Philippine section. Porcelains and bronzes from the estate of Gen. Humphrey, United States Army, were exhibited in the Chinese pagodas. In American archeology the return of exhibits from the Sesquicen- tennial necessitated considerable reinstallation. A case was designed for the Tuxtla statuette, the oldest dated antiquity in the New World, to give it more effective setting, and a special case was made to exhibit as a transparency a photographic enlargement of one of the Atlantean figures from the Temple of the Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico. REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 45 In the division of Old World archeology additions were installed in the exhibit of Judaism and in the prehistoric collection from Palestine. In the Mohammedan case models of religious buildings from Sumatra were installed,, as also the lately added collection of Chinese and Tibetan religious specimens. The Parsee collection and the Warner collection of Buddhism were reinstalled. The collections of Paleolithic remains from France and other localities were classified and placed in storage. During the year the division of physical anthropology added to the public exhibits of early man ; prepared three cases of exhibits of Alaskan archeological material obtained by the curator last sum- mer ; and prepared three cases of exhibits on the variation of human teeth and jaws as a special exhibit from April 19 to 23 for the dental convention held at that time. In the office rooms it was necessary to rearrange a large part of the collection, due to new accessions of the last four years, and to endeavor, under difficulties, to keep the collec- tions for which no racks exist in something approaching order. Hugo Worch, collaborator of the section of musical instru- ments, prepared labels for the excellent collection of pianos given by him. One of the real improvements of the violin, invented by Emile Berliner, was tested by Mrs. Duff-Lewis before the Friday Morning Club with success. McCoy, of the head curator's office, assisted in the care of the collection of pianos. The art textiles and ceramics have been put under the special care of R. The Barney French church panel paintings and a number of small lots of laces were installed in the section of art textiles. Thirteen cases holding brocades are being fitted with sashes. Miss Edith Long rearranged the cases of the Misses Long, containing specimens illustrating the art of the thread. In the anthropological laboratory, under the direction of W. Egberts, a figure was made for the dress of Mrs. Calvin Coolidge to be exhibited in the period costume collection. A cast of a large iron meteorite was made for the department of geology, and various restorations and repairs of pottery were undertaken for the Bureau of American Ethnology. Of especial interest was the restoration of white salt glaze tableware from the fragments from the excavations around the foundation of the Washington home at Wakefield, Va. Much work was done on modeling and repairing lay figures. A death mask of the late Secretary Charles D. Walcott, made by Doctor Hrdlicka, was developed and appropriately mounted- on a pedestal. Participation in the Sesquicentennial necessitated a great amount of dismantling and setting up of cases of exhibits. Research by outside investigators was aided by Museum specimens from Polynesia, the Pueblo region, Berber, and other ISTorth African material, Tibetan and west Chinese collections, the Catlin collection, and Northwest coast designs. Much information was given to persons bringing in specimens and material was deter- mined in several instances for other museums. A number of inquiries concerned the preservation of ethnological material of various kinds. The head curator completed a research on the use of fire from the material in the heating and illumination collection of the Museum and prepared a memoir that will appear in the autumn. Kidder, of Phillips Academy, with Mrs. Kidder made an extended study of our great collection of modern Zuni Indian pottery, with the intention of preparing a report on the subject. Miss Irene Mermet of Washington was given much advice and made extensive use of the head curator's library in preparing for ethnological work in Mexico. Miss Frances Densmore completed researches on the collection of musical instruments and finished the manuscript of a handbook dealing with this subject which was printed. Har- rington, of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York City, arranged for study of the costume collection with a view of publishing a work on the subject of American Indian cos- tume. Miss Mary Lois Kissell, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, studied the material on Salish weavings for a paper for the Bureau of American Ethnology. Skinner, of Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand, on a traveling fellow- ship from Oxford, made a study of the Polynesian collections of the Museum, especially those of the Maori. Individual Boy Scouts were aided with advice as to fire making. The custom houses of Georgetown and Baltimore were aided in de- termining the age of materials passing through customs. In the division of American archeology at the time of this report the curator, Mr. Judd, is directing the National Geographic Society's explor'ations in Pueblo Bonito. Among investigators from other institutions who have visited the Museum for examination and study of its archeological collections may be mentioned Dr. Kidder and Warren K. Moorehead, of the Peabody Museum at Phil- lips Academy, Andover, Mass. Nusbaum, of the Mesa Verde National Park, Colo. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Shetrone, of the Ohio State Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio; S. McCallie, State geologist, Atlanta, Ga. Morris and Karl Rui pert, Carnegie Institution of Wash- REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 47 ington ; Mrs. Zelia Nuttali, Casa Alvarado, Coyoacan, D. Manuel Gamio, former director of antiquities, Mexico City. In addition, Miss J. Dolores Calahan, of the National Geographic Society's Pueblo Bonito expedition, beginning March 1, was engaged in work on the expedition's collections. Twenty lots of material were received for examination and report. As opportunty offered the curator has, at his own expense, visited other institutions for study of their archeological collections. These have included the New Mexico State Museum at Santa Fe ; the Arizona State Museum at Tucson ; the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. During the early part of March the curator visited the Etowah Mound group, near Cartersville, Ga. Moorehead, of the Peabody Museum, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. As a result of this brief sojourti the Museum's collections from Etowah Mound may shortly be exhibited to greater advantage. Moorehead made a census of the stone implements in our collections, a work in which he expects to cover the museums of the country. Cox, State archeologist of Tennessee, advised with the Museum as to problems encountered in his work. Manuel Gamio, distinguished archeologist of Mexico, spent much time in the Museum writing a report on his collections from old sites in Guatemala, where he explored for the Archaeological Society of Washington. The time of the assistant curator in charge of the division of Old World archeology was mainly occupied in the study of the collections concerning historic religions and in the preparation of a publication on the subject. Henry Field, of the Field Museum of Natural His- tory, Chicago, 111. Eesearch by the curator of physical anthropology has been con- tinued in the two major lines of man's evolution and antiquity and of the origin and antiquity of the American aborigines. Among researches carried on with our material, under the curator's guidance that have been completed and published, may be mentioned those of C. Connolly, of the Catholic University, Washington, D. C, On the Location of the Nasion, and On the Relation of the Orbital Plane in the Human Skull to Position of Teeth. In addition, the following have carried 48 EEPOET OF NATIOISrAL MUSEUM, 1927 on investigations in this division : Dr. Reynolds, of Boston, Mass. Nash, of Washington, D. C, November 5, 1926, and subsequently, study of jaws and teeth; Dr. Townsley, Brown Uni- versity, May 2-6, 1927, instruction in anthropometry; and Dr. Wolfson, East Orange, N. From duplicate specimens the division has furnished 42 Indian teeth and 26 old Egyptian teeth to Dr. Matiegka, Chief of the Anthropological Institute, Prague, Czechoslovakia. The head curator read a paper on dolls and anthropomorphic images before the meetings of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science in Philadelphia which attracted wide attention, and a popularized article on the subject appeared later in the Sun- day New York Times. A tentative plan for an exhibit for the exposition to be held in October 1928 in Seville, Spain, was drawn up by the head curator to cover in part the proposed participation of the Smithsonian. Among distinguished visitors in the department were four mem- bers of the faculty and administration of the University of Paris, who considered the exhibit series unique and excellent. JuynboU, Director of the Leiden Museum inspected the collections. DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE OF SPECIMENS During the year the division of ethnology presented the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Mich. Exchanges made during the same period comprised six sendings totaling 97 specimens, as follows: The Amerindian Museum, Pater- son, N. Harding, Walla Walla, Wash. Jewell, East Falls Church, Va. Four loans have been made as follows : New Public Library, Birming- ham, Ala. C, T4 specimens of Oriental art, Mrs. George Kennan, Medina, N. Six lots of material have gone out from the division of American archeology during the year to aid other institutions : To the Indian Museum, Calcutta, India, 94 aboriginal stone implements in exchange for similar material for the division of Old World archeology; to the National Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark, 21 archeological speci- mens in exchange for ethnological material ; to the Hastings Museum, Hastings, Nebr. Marsh, Anchorage, Alaska, cast of a leaf -shaped flint blade in exchange for the original; to the South- west Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. The division of physical anthropology forwarded as a gift 11 samples of human hair to Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass. A human skull, prob- ably a mix-blood, from Cuba was exchanged with W. Egberts for the skull of a white man. NUMBER OF SPECIMENS UNDER DEPARTMENT There were 148 accessions with the remarkably large total of 12,974 specimens received in the department of anthropology during the year just ended. Of these, 10 accessions, comprising 755 specimens, were loans, the permanent accretion to the national collections being 12,219 specimens, as compared with 4,005 specimens for the previous year. The additions were distributed as follows: Ethnology, 57 accessions with 6,648 specimens; American archeology, 44 accessions and 5,039 specimens; Old World archeology, 13 accessions of 1,546 specimens; physical anthropology, 36 accessions with 638 specimens; musical instruments, 3 accessions and 5 specimens; ceramics, 5 acces- sions of 74 specimens ; and art textiles, 7 accessions with 24 specimens. On June 30, 1927, the total number of specimens in the department was 668,312, as follows: Ethnology 164, 032 American archeology 429, 515 Old World archeology 34,903 Physical anthropology 30, 531 Musical instruments 2,068 Ceramics 5, 824 Art textiles 1,439 Total 668, 312 REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY By Leonhard Stejneger, Head Curator The main efforts of the staff of this department during the past fiscal year have of necessity been confined to the preservation of the steadily growing collections. It is a matter of congratulation that no serious arrears are to be reported in this work, though this result has been achieved often at the expense of the research work of the divisions, as the members of the scientific staff have had to spend an undue amount of time and labor on purely curatorial work which might have been done by clerical and custodial help had such been available. Further assistance in the department is absolutely essen- tial, as the present condition whereby highly trained personnel is employed in routine that should be performed by assistants has reached a point where it interferes seriously with the scientific work that public interest demands. Field work under this department has, as in previous years, been curtailed through lack of funds. Doctor Schmitt, under the Walter Rathbone Bacon scholarship, carried on field studies of the crusta- cean fauna of the western coast of South America. Smith, associate curator in zoology, through funds supplied by the Museum, has gathered and forwarded rich collections from Siam, and small collections have come from western China from the native collector trained by D. Graham who has continued work during Mr. Graham's absence in the United States on small amounts of money furnished by the Smithsonian Institution, Assistant Secre- tary Wetmore visited Haiti and the Dominican Republic from March to June, traveling at the expense of the Swales fund. Important botanical collections have come from the work of Doctor Maxon in Jamaica and Mr. These and other activities of a similar nature are detailed fully elsewhere in the report of the Assistant Secretary. ACCESSIONS FOR THE YEAR The total number of accessions to the various divisions was 1,277, a slight increase over the corresponding figures of last year. The increase in the number of specimens received by the various divi- sions averages considerably more than last year, except in the divi- sion of insects, which reports a falling off, due to the fact that last 61 52 EEPOET OP NATIOIsTAL MUSEUM, 1927 year's report included 82,000 lepidoptera in the Dognin collection. The increase of specimens in the department during the past fiscal year amounts to more than 197,000. Apart from such special accessions as 20,000 specimens of water beetles donated by John D, Sherman, and 10,000 moths presented by Doctor Schaus, which will be specifically mentioned later on, the largest and most comprehensive collections received during the year are as follows: Dr. Smith, director of fisheries, Bangkok, Siam, an hon- oary associate curator in zoology. United States National Museum, was instrumental in bringing together exceedingly important and valuable collections of Siamese mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, insects, mollusks, and marine invertebrates, which fill a dis- tinct gap in the Museum's collections between the Chinese material from the north and that secured by Dr. Abbott from the Malay Archipelago to the south that has come in previous years. Another valuable addition consists of the mammals, birds, and reptiles gath- ered by the Smithsonian- Chrysler expedition to Africa. Schmitt's South American expedition under the auspices of the Walter Eathbone Bacon traveling scholarship, apart from rich col- lections of crustaceans, the principal object of the expedition, re- sulted in large additions in other branches of zoology. Owing to the unsettled conditions in China during the past year, collections from that country which recently have played a leading part among our accessions, have fallen off considerably; nevertheless collections of birds, reptiles, and fishes which have been received from A. Sowerby through the generosity of Col. Clark, are highly important. They are supplemented by various small collections made by the native collector trained by Rev. Smith in Siam are particularly important to the Museum in connection with the large collections of Malay mammals that have been presented by Dr. The 154 mammals, mostly of small size, collected by Arthur Loveridge in Tanganyika Territory, Africa, while attached to the Smithsonian-Chrysler expedition, are also deserving of special mention. By exchange with the Institute de la Salle, Bogota, Colombia, 238 small mammals were obtained from that locality. In the same manner, 17 specimens from Russia were acquired from the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sci- ences, Leningrad, Union of Socialistic Soviet Republics. Two species representing genera not previously in the Museum were received in exchange with the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. A skin of the rare pigmy hippopotamus from Sierra Leone, Africa, was presented by W. EEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, :! Smith, and the material received from the Smithsonian-Chrysler expedition have already been referred to. The year has been particularly profitable, as in addition to these comprehensive collections representatives of 18 genera and 120 species and subspecies hitherto lacking in the col- lection have been added, mostly through the generosity of friends. Swales, honorary assistant curator, donated 176 skins and 7 skeletons, including 46 species and 4 genera new to the Museum. About 100 of the skins come from the States of Parahyba and Ceara, Brazil. Richmond, associate curator, presented 66 skins and 3 skeletons, mostly from South America and Africa, and including 9 genera and 36 species hitherto unrepresented in the Mu- seum, the species being chiefly tanagers, warblers, vireos, and honey creepers. Thomas Barbour, Cambridge, Mass. Two species of love birds of the genus Agapomis new to the Museum were donated by E, S. Popenoe, Silver Spring, Md. Wood, collaborator in the division of birds, presented Fijian birds, among them a species of flycatcher new to the Museum. A skin of Pterocnemia tarapacensis, a rhea from Argentina, new to the collection was presented by D. King of Mendoza, Argentina. The skeleton collection was enriched with many additional genera and species, among them a skeleton of Monias henscM from Madagascar and a trunk skeleton of the monkey-eating eagle Pithecophaga jeferyi from the Philippine Islands. Among the many other contributors of valuable additions, Victor J. Evans, Justus von Lengerke, and Col. Wirt Robinson may be mentioned. Clark, and the African collections of the Smithsonian-Chrysler expedition, constitute the bulk of the valuable accessions of this year. In addi- tion, a collection of herpetological material from Guatemala trans- ferred by the United States Biological Survey, and a set of speci- mens from Lower California presented by the Navy Department in cooperation with the California Academy of Sciences, have been added to the collection. For one of the most valuable collections of Chinese fishes received in recent years we are indebted to the generosity of Col. Clark; 54 KEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1927 no less than 1,743 specimens were collected by Arthur cle C. Sowerby during the past three years in the waters contiguous to Shanghai. Schmitt, as a result of his South American expedition under the auspices of the Walter Rathbone Bacon scholarship, brought home 111 specimens representative of the fish fauna of Juan Fernandez Island, off the Chilean coast. The United States Bureau of Fisheries transferred 338 specimens from various localities, among them the types of seven new species. Similarly, 187 specimens from various localities in Central and South America, Haiti, and Porto Rico were received from the International Health Board, these being of special interest in that they are known as destroyers of larvae and so assist in mosquito-control work. Smith donated 21 fishes from Siam, and Dr. Longley, of Goucher College, 76 from the Tortugas, Fla. Remington Kellogg, during a trip to the porpoise station at Hatteras, N. C, collected 1,239 specimens for the Museum. In exchange with the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, through Dr. Fowler, 238 specimens of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands were obtained. Sherman, of Mount Vernon, N. Another large dona- tion, made by Dr. William Schaus, honorary assistant curator, was that of about 10,000 moths, mostly from Bolivia. Dyar, custodian of lepidoptera, presented the division with about 6,000 specimens of mosquitos obtained by him in summer collecting trips to Montana, representing quite completely the mosquito fauna of that region. Schoenborn presented the Museum with the splendid collection of lepidoptera made several years ago by their father, the late Henry F. Schoenborn of Wash- ington, D. It includes a considerable number of named European species, but the larger part consists of specimens collected in the region about Washington. All are in excellent condition and where not especially needed for the general collection are to be part of the special collection of District of Columbia animals. Chapin, of the Bureau of Entomology, donated a very valuable collection of 121 alcoholic lots and 398 microscope slides of ectoparasites of Mallo- phaga fleas, mites, and pseudoscorpions. Through the instrumentality of Doctor Dyar, extensive shipments of mosquitoes and other blood- sucking diptera from Venezuela were received from Dr. Nunez- Tovar; these were sent primarily to secure identifications, but have added importantly to these collections. Reinhold Meyer, of Germany, several shipments of named Old World Hymenoptera were received in exchange. The Philippine Bureau of Science, through R. McGregor, has sent several collections of Philippine insects during the year. EEPORT or NATIOlJAIi MUSEITM, 1927 55 Marine invertebrates. Though the number of accessions was less than last year actually 6,588 more specimens were received. The more noteworthy additions are those secured by the expeditions mentioned above, some of which may be specifically enumerated here: From Dr. Smith, more than 250 Crustacea in connection with his investigation of the fish- eries of Siam ; Capt. Bartlett, Y76 specimens of marine inver- tebrates collected off the northwest coast of Greenland during the summer of 1926; Dr. Schmitt, a comprehensive collection of South American crustaceans, together with miscellaneous takings of hydroids, coelenterates, annelid worms, and other forms, the re- sult of this year's travels under the Walter Kathbone Bacon scholar- ship ; Clarence E. Shoemaker, 3,357 specimens collected at Tortugas, Fla. Tattersall's report on these forms from the western Atlantic. Melbourne Ward, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, presented 167 specimens of Crustacea from the coast of New South Wales, a region but meagerly represented in our collections. Among the smaller contributions many deserve special reference as containing valuable type material. Coker, Chapel Hill, N. C, presented a number of slides of crustaceans, among them types of three species and subspecies; Prof. Arthur Willey, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, deposited the type specimens of the copepod Moraria lauren- tica, and Dr. Stillman Wright, University of Wisconsin, the holotype and paratype of Diaptomus insulanus. This courtesy of depositing types in the National Museum is highly appreciated. Frank Smith, University of Illinois, presented 10 specimens of earthworms, including holotypes of two new species, together with 511 microscope slide mounts of serial sections of earthworms. Among those received, men- tion is made of the following as of particular merit. Smith sent about 620 specimens of mollusks and squids from Siam; Gen. Bliss, United States Army, Washington, D. C, pre- sented about 2,500 specimens of marine shells from the Philippine Islands; C. Walton, Peterhead, South Australia, supplied the types and a number of paratypes of 13 new species and subspecies of Thersites {Hadra from islands in Torres Straits; the Eev. Graham forwarded approximately 100 specimens of moUusks in continuation of collections he has made in China; C. Ping, Uni- versity of Amoy, China, sent 178 lots, about 500 specimens of land, fresh-water, and marine shells from China, some being new to the collection and some extending the distribution of species; Prof. Auguste Teisseire, Colonia, Uruguay, presented 75 lots, about 127 specimens, of fresh-water bivalve shells, which contained the types and a number of paratypes of new species of Gorhicula and many fine specimens of other species of that genus; Dr. Pilsbry, Acad- emy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, sent four paratypes of Physa zionis Pilsbry from Zion Park, Utah; Dr. Henry Pittier, Caracas, Venezuela, forwarded 5 species, 9 specimens of fresh-water shells, including the types and 3 paratypes of 2 species; C. Hoffman, Univer- sity of Porto Rico, 67 specimens of land and marine shells; Ralph W. Jackson, 2 specimens of pearly fresh- water mussels, the type and paratype of a new species, Diplodon jacksoni Marshall; D. Bram- well, Jamaica, British West Indies, 40 lots, about 1,000 specimens, of mollusks; Joseph Harrison, Jamaica, British West Indies, 34 lots, approximately 200 specimens, of mollusks; D. Thaanum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 26 species, 61 specimens, of marine shells from Japan; Richard Buhlis, Imboden, Ark. Morgan Clements, Papeete, Society Islands, 60 species, about 225 specimens, of mollusks from Cook Islands ; and Dr. Felippone, Montevideo, Uruguay, 20 lots, consisting of 28 speci- mens, of marine and land shells from Uruguay. The total number of specimens incorporated in the collection was 368, as com- pared with 41 last year. The most noteworthy accessions were the sea urchins of the family Cidaridae which were collected by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross on the Philippine expedition in 1907- 1910 and reported upon by Dr.
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If you prefer to receive multiple copies of the annual meeting materials at the same address you share with other stockholders, additional copies will be provided to you promptly upon request. Over two tons of material were col- lected from which representative sets have been selected for both Harvard and the National Museum. Carper, whose base salary was increased 8. C, November 5, 1926, and subsequently, study of jaws and teeth; Dr. That other person is called a proxy. Stamas, a director of Luminant, and a member of the Compensation Committee and the Audit Committee, serves as a Vice Chair of Deutsche Banc Alex. Divisimi of Medicine: Charles Whitebrcad, assistant curator.
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