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Shoppers once used an average of five sources for information before making a purchase, but numbers have risen to as high as 12 sources in 2014. One such list was discovered near dated back to 75—125 and written for a soldier. Neighbourhood retailing differs from other types of retailers such as destination retailers because of the difference in offered products and services, location and popularity.
This involves adding a amount or percentage to the retailers' cost. A bientot Mlo Ce conseil ne va certainement pas plaire a tout le monde mais je pense que ca peut etre une bonne solution Au minimum il faut préciser que le SIDA n'est pas la seule maladie sexuellement transmissible: se baser uniquement sur un test pour le SIDA n'est donc pas à recommander! A or a shop is a that presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to for money or other goods. During sales items can be discounted from 10% up to as much as 50%, with the biggest reduction sales occurring at the end of the season.
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A Western woman shopping in Japan, 2016 Shopping is an activity in which a customer browses the available goods or services presented by one or more retailers with the potential intent to purchase a suitable selection of them. A has been developed by scholars which identifies one group of shoppers as recreational shoppers, that is, those who enjoy shopping and view it as a activity. Consumers can now search for product information and place product orders across different regions while online retailers deliver their products directly to the consumers' home, offices or wherever they want. The business to consumer process has made it easy for consumers to select any product online from a retailer's website and to have it delivered relatively quickly. Using online shopping methods, consumers do not need to consume energy by physically visiting physical stores, but save time and the cost of travelling. A or a shop is a that presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to for money or other goods. Shoppers' shopping may vary, based on a variety of factors including how the customer is treated, convenience, the type of goods being purchased, and mood. Other shoppers can also influence the shopping experience. For example, research from a field experiment found that male and female shoppers who were accidentally touched from behind by other shoppers left a store earlier than people who had not been touched and evaluated brands more negatively, resulting in the Accidental Interpersonal Touch effect. According to a 2000 report, in the of , women purchase 80% of all. They also influence 80% of health-care decisions. Remains of marketplace and retail shops at Trajan's Forum in Rome In antiquity, and were established to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. People would shop for goods at a regular market in nearby towns. However, the transient nature of stalls and stall-holders meant the consumers needed to make careful inspection of goods prior to purchase. In , the served as a marketplace where merchants kept stalls or shops to sell their goods. Rome had two forums; the and. The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shopfront. In the Roman world, the central market primarily served the local peasantry. Those who lived on the great estates were sufficiently attractive for merchants to call directly at their farm-gates, obviating their need to attend local markets. One such list was discovered near dated back to 75—125 and written for a soldier. Middle Ages An early 17th-century shop, with customers being served through an opening onto the street Archaeological evidence suggests that the British engaged in minimal shopping in the early. Instead, they provided for their basic needs through subsistence farming practices and a system of localised personal exchanges. However, by the late Middle Ages, consumers turned to markets for the purchase of fresh produce, meat and fish and the periodic fairs where non-perishables and luxury goods could be obtained. Women were responsible for everyday household purchases, but most of their purchasing was of a mundane nature. For the main part, shopping was seen as a chore rather than a pleasure. Relatively few permanent shops were to be found outside the most populous cities. Instead customers walked into the tradesman's workshops where they discussed purchasing options directly with tradesmen. Itinerant vendors such as costermongers, hucksters and peddlers operated alongside markets, providing the convenience of home delivery to households, and especially to geographically isolated communities. In the more populous European cities, a small number of shops were beginning to emerge by the 13th century. Interiors were dark and shoppers had relatively few opportunities to inspect the merchandise prior to consumption. Glazed windows in retail environments, were virtually unknown during the medieval period. Goods were rarely out on display; instead retailers kept the merchandise at the rear of the store and would only bring out items on request. The service counter was virtually unknown and instead, many stores had openings onto the street from which they served customers. As standards of living improved in the 17th century, consumers from a broad range of social backgrounds began to purchase goods that were in excess of basic necessities. An emergent middle class or stimulated demand for luxury goods and began to purchase a wider range of luxury goods and imported goods, including: Indian and calico; silk, and porcelain from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World. The act of shopping came to be seen as a pleasurable pass-time or form of entertainment. By the 17th-century, produce markets gradually gave way to shops and shopping centres; which changed the consumer's shopping experience. The New Exchange, opened in 1609 by in the was one such example of a planned shopping centre. Shops started to become important as places for Londoners to meet and socialise and became popular destinations alongside the theatre. London also saw the growth of luxury buildings as advertisements for social position with speculative architects like and. Much pamphleteering of the time was devoted to justifying conspicuous consumption and private vice for luxury goods for the greater public good. This then scandalous line of thought caused great controversy with the publication of 's influential work in 1714, in which he argued that a country's prosperity ultimately lay in the self-interest of the consumer. These trends gathered momentum in the 18th century, as rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people with disposable income for consumption. Important shifts included the marketing of goods for individuals as opposed to items for the household, and the new status of goods as , related to changes in fashion and desired for aesthetic appeal, as opposed to just their utility. The inventor and , , pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence and manipulate the direction of the prevailing tastes. One of his preferred sales techniques was to stage expansive showcases of wares in this private residences or in a rented hall, to which he invited the upper classes. As the 18th-century progressed, a wide variety of goods and manufactures were steadily made available for the urban middle and upper classes. This growth in consumption led to the rise of 'shopping' - a proliferation of retail shops selling particular goods and the acceptance of shopping as a cultural activity in its own right. Specific streets and districts became devoted to retail, including the and in London. Royal Arcade, Sydney, 1892 The rise of window shopping as a recreational activity accompanied the use of glass windows in retail shop-fronts. Inside the arcade, individual stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle-classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies, even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices. Designed to attract the genteel middle class, retailers sold luxury goods at relatively high prices. However, prices were never a deterrent, as these new arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen. Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from the chaos of daily street life; a place shoppers could socialise and spend their leisure time. As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe, they became grander and more ornately decorated. By the mid nineteenth century, promenading in these arcades became a popular pass-time for the emerging middle classes. In Europe, the Palais-Royal, which opened in 1784, became one of the earliest examples of the new style of shopping arcade, frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes. It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation, revolving around the salons, cafés, and bookshops, but also became a place frequented by off-duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in the building. In London, one of the first to use in shops was retailer, , who experimented with this new retailing method at his tailoring establishment in , where he fitted the shop-front with large plate glass windows. Although this was condemned by many, he defended his practice in his memoirs, claiming that he: sold from the window more goods... Retailers designed attractive shop fronts to entice patronage, using bright lights, advertisements and attractively arranged goods. The goods on offer were in a constant state of change, due to the frenetic change in. Evolution of stores: from arcades to department stores In the second half of the 19th-century, shops transitioned from 'single-function' shops selling one type of good, to the where a large variety of goods were sold. As economic growth, fueled by the at the turn of the 19th-century, steadily expanded, the affluent bourgeois middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group was the catalyst for the emergence of the retail revolution of the period. In 19th century England, these stores were known as emporia or warehouse shops. A number of major department stores opened across the USA, Britain and Europe from the mid nineteenth century including; Harrod's of London in 1834; Kendall's in Manchester in 1836; of London in 1909; Macy's of New York in 1858; in 1861; in 1867; in 1902; of France in 1852 and of France in 1905. This venture was described as being a public retail establishment offering a wide range of in different departments. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the was dissolved. Department stores were established on a large scale from the 1840s and 50s, in France, the United Kingdom and the US. French retailer, Le Bon Marche, is an example of a department store that has survived into current times Originally founded in 1838 as a lace and haberdashery store, it was revamped mid-century and opened as a department store in 1852. Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained. Some department stores offered reading rooms, art galleries and concerts. Most department stores had tea-rooms or dining rooms and offered treatment areas where ladies could indulge in a manicure. The fashion show, which originated in the US in around 1907, became a staple feature event for many department stores and celebrity appearances were also used to great effect. Themed events featured wares from foreign shores, exposing shoppers to the exotic cultures of the Orient and Middle-East. Shopping hubs, or , are collections of stores; that is a grouping of several in a compact geeographic area. It consists of a collection of retail, entertainment and service stores designed to serve products and services to the surrounding region. A group of women window shopping in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1937 Typical examples include , , and. Traditionally, shopping hubs were called or ; an assortment of stalls lining streets selling a large variety of goods. The modern shopping centre is now different from its antecedents, the stores are commonly in individual buildings or compressed into one large structure Mall. The first modern shopping mall in the US was The in Kansas City which opened in 1922, from there the first enclosed mall was designed by Victor and opened in 1956 as in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. Malls peaked in America in the 1980s-1990s when many larger malls more than 37,000 sq m in size were built, attracting consumers from within a 32 km radius with their luxurious department stores. Different types of malls can be found around the world. This type of mall atrracts consumers from a broad radius up to a 160-km. The smaller malls are often called open-air strip centres or mini-marts and are typically attached to a grocery store or supermarket. The smaller malls are less likely to include the same features of a large mall such as an indoor concourse, but are beginning to evolve to become enclosed to comply with all weather and customer preferences. Stores Stores are divided into multiple categories of stores which sell a selected set of goods or services. Usually they are tiered by target demographics based on the of the shopper. They can be tiered from cheap to pricey. Some shops sell secondhand goods. Often the public can also sell goods to such shops. In other cases, especially in the case of a shop, the public donates goods to these shops, commonly known as in the United States, in the United Kingdom, or in Australia and New Zealand. In goods can be taken for free. In antique shops, the public can find goods that are older and harder to find. Sometimes people are broke and borrow money from a using an item of value as. College students are known to resell books back through college textbook. Old used items are often distributed through. Various types of retail stores that specialize in the selling of goods related to a theme include , , , , , , , , , and. Other stores such as , , , department stores, , sell a wider variety of products not related to each other. Home shopping Main article: Home systems and modern technology such as television, telephones, and the Internet , in combination with , allow consumers to shop from home. There are three main types of home shopping: or telephone ordering from catalogs; telephone ordering in response to advertisements in print and electronic media such as , TV and radio ; and. Online shopping has completely redefined the way people make their buying decisions; the Internet provides access to a lot of information about a particular product, which can be looked at, evaluated, and comparison-priced at any given time. Online shopping allows the buyer to save the time and expense, which would have been spent traveling to the store or mall. Sometimes and pass through neighborhoods offering goods and services. Also, are a common form of resale. Neighbourhood shopping areas and retailers give value to a community by providing various social and community services like a , and a social place to meet. Neighbourhood retailing differs from other types of retailers such as destination retailers because of the difference in offered products and services, location and popularity. Destination retailers include stores such as; , , Pet groomers, , , , Herbal dispensary clinics, , Office Supplies and framers. The neighbourhood retailers sell essential goods and services to the residential area they are located in. There can be many groups of neighbourhood retailers in different areas of a region or city, but destination retailers are often part of where the numbers of consumers is higher than that of a neighbourhood retail area. The destination retailers are becoming more prevalent as they can provide a community with more than the essentials, they offer an experience, and a wider scope of goods and services. Party shopping The is a method of marketing products by hosting a social event, using the event to display and demonstrate the product or products to those gathered, and then to take orders for the products before the gathering ends. Shopping seasons Shopping frenzies are periods of time where a burst of spending occurs, typically near holidays in the United States, with being the biggest shopping spending season, starting as early as October and continuing until after Christmas. Some regard such spending seasons as being against their faith and dismiss the practice. Many contest the over-commercialization and the response by stores that downplay the shopping season often cited in the. The NRF also highlights the importance of back-to-school shopping for retailers which comes second behind holiday shopping, when buyers often buy clothing and school supplies for their children. Seasonal shopping consists of buying the appropriate for the particular. In winter people bundle up in warm layers and coats to keep warm, while in summer people wear less clothing to stay cooler in the heat. Seasonal shopping now revolves a lot around sales and buying more for less. Stores need to get rid of all of their previous seasonal clothing to make room for the new trends of the upcoming season. The end-of-season sales usually last a few weeks with prices lowering further towards the closing of the sale. During sales items can be discounted from 10% up to as much as 50%, with the biggest reduction sales occurring at the end of the season. Holiday shopping periods are extending their sales further and further with holidays such as becoming a month-long event stretching promotions across November. These days shopping doesn't stop once the mall closes, as people have more access to stores and their sales than ever before with the help of the internet and apps. Today many people research their purchases online to find the cheapest and best deal with one third of all shopping searches on Google happen between 10:00 pm and 4:00 am. Shoppers are now spending more time consulting different sources before making a final purchasing decision. Shoppers once used an average of five sources for information before making a purchase, but numbers have risen to as high as 12 sources in 2014. Further information: and Historically, prices were established through a system of barter or negotiation. The first retailer to adopt fixed prices is thought to be the retailers operating out of the Palais-Royal complex in the 18th-century. These retailers adopted a system of high price maintenance in order to cultivate images of luxury. For their upper class clientele, fixed prices spared them from hassle of bartering. The technique used by most retailers is. This involves adding a amount or percentage to the retailers' cost. Another common technique is pricing. This simply involves charging the amount suggested by the manufacturer and usually printed on the by the manufacturer. In retail settings or odd-number pricing are both widely used. However, in Chinese societies, prices are generally either a round number or sometimes some lucky number. In a fixed-price system, consumers may still use or haggling; a about the price. Economists see this as determining how the transaction's total will be divided between consumers and producers. Neither party has a clear advantage because the threat of no sale exists, in which case the surplus would vanish for both. When , it can be more difficult to negotiate price given that you are not directly interacting with a. Window shopping is often practised by a particular segment, known as the recreation-conscious or hedonistic shopper. Other consumers use window shopping as part of their planning activity for a later purchase. Reynolds; Nicole Ponderc; Jason E. Journal of Business Research. Retrieved 3 July 2012. EVEolution: The Eight Truths of Marketing to Women. Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples, July 31, 2004. Archived from on 2008-03-03. Archived from PDF on 2013-08-10. V Accessed 28 October 2007.