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Cholera

With the aforementioned conditions existing, it was not surprising that when epidemics of cholera broke out in Bristol, Bedminster was one of the areas with a high incidence of case.

The following table identifies where deaths occurred in the Bedminster district.

It is from the General Board of Health Report of 1849.

Allen’s Court - Deaths 2 - Knowle Lane -1 - Brightbow - 19

Luckwell Lane - 2 - Bull Lane - 4 Limekiln Dock -1

Baynton’s Buildings - 19 - Mill Lane - 1 - Bagg’s Court - 5

North Street - 15 - Bedminster Down - 6 - Philip Street - 1

Boot Lane - 1 - Prince’s Street - 4 Bedminster Causeway - 1

Parson Street - 1 - Back Lane - 3 - Regent Street - 1

Browning’s Alley - 3 - Southey’s Paddock - 11 - Charlotte Place - 1

Sargeant Street - 2 - Clarence Place - 1 - Stillhouse Lane - 5

Colston Street - 4 - Spring Street - 1 - Clarence Square - 4

Somerset Terrace - 1 - Dean Lane - 8 - Sion Terrace -1

Devonport Street - 4 - Sidney’s Buildings - 1 - East Street - 2

Water’s Place - 5 - Hanley’s Buildings - 2 - West Street - 25

Hope Square - 2 - Windmill Hill - 3 - King Street - 14

Waterloo Square - 2

The living conditions at Brightbow at the time of the 1849 epidemic and where 19 deaths were recorded, are graphically detailed in the 1850 report.

(1) First case (of cholera) in the Paddock was a woman who died. Under the bed on which she lay was found putrid meat, bones and maggots. The woman herself was a drunkard with her husband having twice had delirius tremens.

(2) Then died a man named Witnell, who lives next door. Then a woman named Wilcox at whose front door were two or three pigs. Bamall and son-in-law died. Three feet from the front door of their house was a muck heap, of course. Lawrence and one or two more died making together a fearful number.

At Brightbow No 1 died a man and a boy and an old man.

At No.2 - Hancock father and mother and two children.

At No 3 - one man.

At No 4 - one woman who had sold fish and kept pigs, which tainted the whole neighbourhood.

Numbers 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 - all more or less clean - no pigs, no deaths.

Baynton’s Buildings, where 25 deaths occurred, were near the Ashton Gate Turn pike. The location here was similar to that near Brightbow; low marshy ground, poor quality houses and tenements, pig sties at the rear of the buildings and a large open ditch which received sewage.

As a consequence of this epidemic a special hospital was opened at Wapping for Cholera cases. 35 deaths were reported there. When an outbreak of cholera occurred in 1832, a notice was printed and issued by the Bristol Board of Health, giving certain directions to the general public.

Preventative Directions were

Avoid all kinds of food that have a tendency to relax the bowels, and particularly guard against overloading the stomach. Make use of a dry nutritive diet, of which well boiled rice is an excellent article. Eat fruit and garden stuff sparingly, and abstain from fat luscious meats. No meal requires more caution than supper, for Cholera occurs most frequently at night or early in the morning.

Observe the most rigid temperance in every thing. It is desirable that the body should be braced up to its full natural strength; but, in endeavouring to obtain this object, you cannot be too careful to avoid undue excitement, which necessarily followed by depression and weakness. Do not think, therefore, that you will maintain your strength by drinking spirits or other strong liquors; such attempts are useless and dangerous - the intemperate are most frequently attacked, and most rarely recover.

Take exercise in the open air, in fine weather, but not to the extent of fatigue or profuse perspiration. Avoid draughts of air, and sitting in wet clothes. It is of the utmost importance that the whole body, but particularly the feet, should be kept warm. Remain at home as much as possible after sun-set.

Looseness of the bowels should be immediately attended to, as it is the most frequent commencement of the disease. Lose no time, therefore, in seeking medical aid for the relief of this complaint.

As Cholera prevails most in dirty and confined apartments, keep your dwellings well-aired, and in the greatest possible cleanliness. You cannot be too cautious against crowding together in small rooms, as those in public-houses.

Directions to persons whose friends or neighbours may be attacked.

Remember the course of the disease is fearfully rapid, and therefore requires the most prompt and vigorous treatment; that constant attention must be afforded, as well as a great variety of measures, many of which are extremely difficult, and some impossible to carry into execution in your houses.

It is consequently your duty to urge the immediate removal of the sick to the hospitals, which have been specially provided for Cholera patients. In these places good medical assistance, and the attendance of nurses will be constantly at hand for the proper management and care o

a stopover for the night- on the way to Montreal

HISTORY:
The US Brig Niagara or the Flagship Niagara[a], is a wooden-hulled brig[b] that served as the relief flagship for Oliver Hazard Perry in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812. It is one of last remaining ships from the War of 1812. The Niagara is usually docked behind the Erie Maritime Museum in downtown Erie in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania as an outdoor exhibit for the museum, but travels the Great Lakes during the summer, serving as an ambassador of Pennsylvania when not docked. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was designated the official state ship of Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in 1988.
The Niagara was constructed from 1812 to 1813 to protect the vulnerable American coastline on Lake Erie from the British and played a pivotal role in the battle for the lake. Along with most of warships that served in the war, the Niagara was sunk for preservation on Presque Isle in 1820. Raised in 1913, it was rebuilt for the centennial of the Battle of Lake Erie. After deteriorating, restoration of the Niagara was started again in the 1930s, but was hampered by the lack of funds caused by the Great Depression and remained uncompleted until 1963. A more extensive restoration was carried out in 1988 in which much of the original ship was largely destroyed. The incorporation of new materials and modern equipment makes it ambiguous as to whether it is or is not a replica.
Contents [show]

Construction
In the beginning of September 1812, Daniel Dobbins, a merchant on the Great Lakes, arrived in Washington, D.C. to warn the United States government of the vulnerability of the Lake Erie coastline to a British attack.[4] Dobbins had been captured by the British after a surprise attack at Fort Mackinac in Michigan but, was able to negotiate his release. Dobbins was briefly detained again by the British in Detroit after the city was captured.[4] After several days of discussions with President James Madison and Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton, Dobbins convinced them that the safest place to build a fleet was in the sheltered bay formed by Presque Isle at Erie, Pennsylvania. On September 15, Hamilton authorized Dobbins to construct four gunboats.[5] Hamilton also granted $2,000 to be used for the construction and appointed Dobbins, a civilian, to the rank of sailing master in the United States Navy. On December 31, Captain Isaac Chauncey, the commander of naval forces on Lake Ontario, arrived in Erie for a day, made some alterations to Dobbins' ship design and authorized him to build, additionally, two brigs.[6] Oliver Hazard Perry was promoted to commodore in February 1813 and was given orders to report to Erie from Newport, Rhode Island. Perry arrived in Erie on March 26, after being held up in Sackets Harbor, New York for two weeks by Chauncey in case of a possible attack by the British.[7]
The construction of the fleet was largely supervised by Noah Brown, a shipwright brought in from New York City.[6] The keels of two brigs were each constructed out of a single 14-by-18-inch (360 × 460 mm) black oak log.[6] Due to a lack of iron, the timbers that made up the hulls were joined using wooden pins called treenails. In place of the oakum and pitch normally used to caulk ships, lead was used.[8] The timbers used in the brigs were still green, as the builders did not have the luxury of time to allow the wood to dry properly. A total of 65 cannons were shipped to Erie to arm the fleet; Hamilton approved the production of 37 cannons by a foundry in Washington, D.C. and the rest were moved from Sackets Harbor.[6][9] The Tigress and the Porcupine were launched in April 1813, the Scorpion in May, and the brig Lawrence on June 25.[9][10] The Niagara was launched on July 4 along with the Ariel.[10][11]
One of the strategic advantages of building a fleet in Erie was that the bay formed by Presque Isle was cut off from the Lake Erie by a sandbar, which prevented British warships from being able to enter the bay. The brigs Niagara and Lawrence both had a draft 9 feet (2.7 m), which was too deep to cross the sandbar. On August 4, the Niagara was pulled onto the sandbar using its anchor in a technique called kedging and was lightened by removing its cannons and ballast. A pair of 90-by-40-foot (27 by 12 m) barges, called "camels", were placed on either side of the ship.[12] The camels were sunk and secured to the Niagara. The water was pumped out of the camel, lifting the ship. By the following day, the Niagara was safely over the sandbar and was rearmed; the Lawrence was floated over the sandbar a couple of days before the Niagara. During the construction, the area was usually under daily surveillance by the British.[13] On the day the Lawrence crossed the sandbar, a pair of British warships, the Queen Charlotte and the Lady Prevost, observed for an hour and failed to notice the actions of Perry.[14]
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