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Guilds, Merchants, & Ulama in Nineteenth-century Iran

Guilds, Merchants and Ulama analyzes the major functions and characteristics of these groups, and discusses how they each coped with the pressures of the world market to which Iran was increasingly exposed and which resulted in the disappearance of jobs reducing Iran s economic and political independence. After 1870, Iran s economic situation was aggravated by an influx of peasants into the main cities significantly increasing the size of permanent unskilled labor in these cities. Guilds only provided some measure of social and economic benefits and protection to its members but could not prevent major downsizing, which is detailed in a contemporary report included here in translation. Meanwhile, both the merchants and the ulama demanded government action to better protect the country s economy and its independence. To make a bigger fist, the ulama, merchants and reformists mobilized the guilds to support their political ends. As such, the guilds provided the force that powered the political events, which resulted in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1906.

The ulama s interference in economic life only made matters worse. They had no grasp of economics, beyond stating that people should not be greedy. And the guilds, despite their visible role during the 1905 06 events, found themselves used, and discarded when they were no longer needed. This created the parameters for major structural change to finally take place after 1925.

In Guilds, Merchants, and Ulama Willem Floor provides a detailed analysis of primary source references essential for a better understanding of the socio-economic conditions that led to Iran's push toward modernization in the first quarter of the twentieth century.

The Greek foot that you see, it's mine! - El pie griego que ves, es mio! - Il piede greco che si vede, e mio! - Le pied grec que l'on voit, c'est le mien !
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The mosaic floors are in very good condition, thanks to the mudslide of a thickness of 12 meters during the volcanic eruption in 79 AD
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Los pisos de mosaico se encuentran en muy buenas condiciones, gracias a la avalancha de lodo, de un espesor de 12 metros durante la erupcion volcanica en el 79 dC
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I pavimenti a mosaico sono in ottime condizioni, grazie alla colata di fango di uno spessore di 12 metri durante l'eruzione vulcanica del 79 dC
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Les mosaiques sur le sol sont en tres bon etat, grace a la coulee de boue d'une epaisseur de 12 metres pendant l'eruption volcanique de l'an 79
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Ercolano - Napoli - Italia

This was a bad day for one of my Squad-Mates . He was landing at CamRanh Bay in heavy rain. He misjudged his rate of descent, landed hard, bounced really high, and then landed hard on his nose wheel. The nose gear failed, a hydraulic fire started in the nosewheel well , and the fire spread to a 10-liter liquid oxygen bottle. The LOX-fed fire came up through the cockpit floor "like an acetelyn torch burning through cardboard". The fire was so intense, the crew bailed out of the cockpit as the bird slid to a stop with all engines still running. A fire truck had to shut the engines down with their hoses.

On Saturday night, November 28, 1942, Boston suffered its worst disaster ever. At the city's premier nightspot, the Cocoanut Grove, the largest nightclub fire in U.S. history took the lives of 492 people--nearly one of every two people on the premises. A flash of fire that started in an imitation palm tree rolled through the overcrowded club with breathtaking speed and in a mere eight minutes anyone left in the club was dead or doomed. The Grove was a classic firetrap, the product of greed and indifference on the part of the owners and the politicians who had knowingly allowed such conditions to exist. Against the backdrop of Boston politics, cronyism, and corruption, author John C. Esposito re-creates the drama of the fire and explores the public outcry that followed. In retelling the horrific events of one of America's most cataclysmic tragedies, Esposito has fashioned both an incomparably gripping narrative and a vibrant portrait of the era. But it is the intense, detailed narrative of the fire--harrowing yet compulsively readable--and the trials that followed that will stay with the reader well after they finish this remarkable book. "[Esposito] reminds us that the cautionary tale of the Cocoanut Grove is still relevant today." (New York Law Journal)