27.12.2011., utorak
The integration of computers in the classroom
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Software development and use in our experiments led us to reflect on the possibilities of using computers to do in class. The development and use of this software for a broad debate on these two aspects of teaching (integration of computers in business), the psycho-educational (tool for learners and researchers). We believe that there must be a way, a brief overview of the issue of integration of computers in the practice of school and then we will then focus on the motivations that come to AutoeVal software in collaboration with Institute for Informatics, University of Fribourg develop from. We finally conclude by presenting in detail in the context of this implementation to the extent that it allows us a clearer picture of the conditions under which the experiment took place. The rapid development of computer As recalled RETCHITZKI and Gurtner (1997), the computer maybe HP 484170-001 makes its appearance there over 50 years. Having spent his childhood and the first attempts, it was in the sixties that the individual unit has imposed gradually. The personal computer hp pavilion dv4(PC) then generalizes strongly developed, especially with the advent of the graphical user interface of Apple in the eighties (512 Macintosh Plus, SE, Classic ...). In recent years, have improved tremendously in terms of technology and the current machines are certainly a thousand times faster than the first devices. This force has the further development, particularly in the field of image and sound machines and all the features today include media and communications is activated. They allow the user to write, draw text, work, photos, sound recordings, programs, process data, to see the latest film by Steven Spielberg, to communicate in real time with other people from another continent, databases or Internet access to check e-mails. The various applications of computers in the classroom The school can not be indifferent to this new media has to follow and participate in this development. POCHON (1991), we found that the computer does not have a very fixed and it still sails between the equipment and teaching aids. As recalled by Pochon and Blanchet (1997), in a study that the integration of computers in western Switzerland, the school focuses primarily on the various fields in recent years: the teaching of computer, as with the computer "teaching machine" The computer as a tool to support the "cognitive" software usage by computer and the computer as a tool for change and innovation the school. The computer education focuses primarily on the computer as a subject of investigation. This option "is directly related to the introduction of IT in context" (1997 POCHON & Blanchette, p. 11). In this context, we have all the movements in relation to the explanation of how the machine itself and especially the various software and hardware developments. With the computer as a "teaching machine" addresses various attempts to improve the educational activity through technology. We remember the enthusiasm for broadcast before the arrival of computers in the classroom. POCHON and Blanchette (1997) emphasize that the computer is seen as a way to help the teacher in learning. Thus, in the tradition of teaching machine Skinner takes over the computer Battery Sony VGP-BPS9 to "drill" on the "gatekeepers" student teachers (experts more or less) s are also repetitive tasks (such as booklets learning). Currently, an extension of this aspect mainly on the choice of tutorials available (discovery strategy, puzzles, questions, role playing, etc.) is found. A recent survey of teachers (Coen, 1999) noted that they still use the computer, especially with regard to "education" rather that "education," according to the type END (1998) developed in a recently published book on ICT. This expansion is also visible in all types of communicative activities and role of computers is to enable the exchange of information between students. The computer Sony VGP-BPS18 Battery can be in the service of learning. In the eighties, was the development of many programming languages (BASIC, LSE, LOGO, Pascal ...) a boost to the axis "cognitive development". Papert (1981), with other postulates that learning programming would be beneficial, especially for children's cognitive development. In this context, the number of experiments in which the language LOGO developed in particular. The book and GURTNER RETCHITZKI (1991) provides some interesting insights on the impact of opening logo (Denis, 1991; Mendelsohn, 1991), the transfer of cognitive and metacognitive strategies (Verschaffel, De Corte and Schrooten, 1991), and insertion in the different education systems (and SCHAERER Vieker, 1991; Lambert, 1991) ... among other things. Note that this axis has colonized mainly teaching at higher levels of education (secondary and higher secondary), particularly with regard to learning and mastery of programming languages, except for the logo to be heavily used by young children (see LégoLOGO example). Today, the hype has diminished considerably by LOGO. But researchers continue to develop applications and devices to the learning process through the development of environments in which the computer is in the service of the formative evaluation (Gill, 1998; Daguet and Legros, 1998) make it easier to refine the diagnosis (LAURIEU, 1995), the system of education, such as distance learning (Zahnd, RUEGER and Gurtner, 1998; Flükiger and Ninck, 1998; and Depover Loureiro, 1999), learning materials ( Perret et al, 1998) or learning strategies (Coen, 1997; lips and Depover, 1999), to name a few. This path is promising, because the computers Sony VGP-BPL9 in these particular contexts. Its computational power allows for example to "draw" operations by the user and provides a number of different functions or establish mechanisms of control and regulation independent of time and space. A thorough examination, but must, because the computer can not simply replace the work of teachers, to make it disappear: all learning is also taught in a social relationship that the Acer aspire one Zg5 computer should not be lost (Larose, 1997) . The use of computers as a tool of development work is a subject whose importance is growing. The idea is to make the computer a tool and status of pens, pencils, erasers, calculators and copiers. It allows you to heal and to facilitate the dissemination of works, it provides functions for loading and modeling large as the calculator. The progressive income tax software is also used by optical contextualizing learning in specific activities of the opinion that we must learn to type when writing texts for the class newspaper or manipulation of a spreadsheet, a model of mathematical function. The introduction of computers as a vehicle for change and innovation in education is less obvious to notice. Proponents of this position are in the computer of a "lever to bring the desired changes" (POCHON and Blanchette, 1997, p. 12). These changes are far from uniform. We found in the various classes, where we thought the computer makes some forms of current teaching methods, such as differentiation or interdisciplinary (Vitale, 1990) because it is easier to handle situations such as workshops. The five areas below, listed a few minor differences, the chronological development of the development of the computer. The figure below shows in general terms the development over the past 20 years. In a detailed analysis of the curriculum, graduate Depover (1999), the school is involved early in the acquisition phase of the computer. You assimilate but this new medium. In some cases, the computer takes only a change in the surface (the typewriter to word processor), in other cases provides the opportunity to access materials not previously possible (in trace analysis in particular). Even after Depover (1999), "The computer Battery For DELL E6410 is a powerful instrument of change in practice, but these practices, which is sufficient for a variety of reasons for low rates of change, including the institutional status, lead to significant changes in the curriculum "(S. 27). In other words, the history between the computer and the School of irregularities, inconsistencies and lack of transparency is sometimes done. We will try to solve this problem by distinguishing three levels of the computers in the classroom. Levels of use We stress the importance of distinguishing the different uses of computers in the classroom (COEN, 1998), because they obviously do not have the same impact the teaching and practice. Passey & Ridgway (1996 taken over by HARRAR) proposed five steps for the integration of computers Dell Latitude 2110 in primary school: the first level is described as localized (localized) when the experiment is conducted by an individual teacher and how the second level is called coordinate (coordinated) when several teachers in a school circle to share their experiences and the third level is transformative (transformation) in a common approach is determined and teachers agree on the game options, the fourth level is literally embedded (embedded) when teachers are able to carry out projects with students and finally, the fifth level is innovative (innovative) when new practices are emerging following the introduction of the device. Newby and LAY (1996), in turn, offer three levels, more generally applicable to a larger number of situations: familiarization, utilization and integration. We detail below these levels. Familiarization The first is a familiar form of making contact with the machine. It's sort of a form of domestication. Users become familiar with the interfaces: monitor, keyboard, mouse, and then gradually understand how the machine works. This first phase allows subjects to reassure potential "damage" (deletions, loss of machine data block, ...) and they may cause to defuse the fears inherent in any new tool. Use When it comes to using the computer replaces the existing practices: for example, instead of using paper and pencil to write, we start a word processor. Pearson points out, and Wilkinson (1986), however, that this practice motivates students because it allows them to make their documents more attractive by opening a larger number of potential readers. The Sony VGP-BPS13/Q Battery modern word processor (Word, ClarisWorks, Works, etc.). Do you offer comfort and increased speed and range of operations greatly improved (spelling, synonyms, text insertion, search, layout ...) . Mendelsohn (1999) stresses that students must master the treatment of the text in early tomorrow to be able to differentiate at an early age the state of the texts produced: manuscripts and typescripts for internal and external use for wider distribution. This way of working is now widespread with shades because the degree of autonomy that teachers help students. It's the same with the software "répétitoires". The integration The integration of computers in education can, in turn, to go further because he is therefore fully in the educational system. END (1998) identifies four dimensions: intentionality (meaning 'do' learning), development and learners research project (with all dimensions of motivation), interdisciplinarity, organization and structuring of knowledge. Integrating then took a. Customary and regular enough to eventually lead to a change in school practices (Depover and Strebel, 1996) HORN (1995) refers to the incorporation of new elements in a system to show that the integration runs deep and it is not a simple juxtaposition. The machine offers the Sony VGP-BPS8 Battery user the possibility of hitherto impossible to achieve: it is a teaching tool, it becomes a powerful tool because it allows educational appropriation of knowledge in new ways. Learning (broadly defined) is mediated by a tool to change our ways of learning because, acting at the heart of the learning process. In this context, it is necessary to place AutoéVal software. We will detail the additional details that make this an instrument to integrate into a set of language learning. In our opinion, the computer deserves particular interest because most of this new status (integration) and for technological reasons (knowledge or use). The specific software AutoeVal Dell Latitude E6400 Battery Software Development AutoeVal meets specific needs. Not to satisfy any software on the market today to meet our experimental, we decided, in collaboration with the Institute of Computer Science, University of Fribourg appropriate software on the Macintosh platform and Windows 95/98 (Cotting develop 1997; DA CRUZ, 1997). This product follows the logic of a project written in three parts: preparation, implementation and evaluation. It was designed for this purpose. Its originality lies in the fact that both before work (building special tools with students), while (promotion and facilitation of rules) and downstream (with protocol) of the task. It integrates the tools developed before work can (and sometimes to ask) their use in writing the text and students at the end of the task, the text provides a rich graphics and a record increase of the text, the self-evaluation and clarification in order to facilitate the writing process. Autoéval writing and project AutoéVal can not be used outside of a writing project as a whole is in all aspects of language proficiency. In this sense as a kind of "shell" in which to register teachers and students during the school year is seems, reminders of their designs, sketches, preparatory exercises, grammar or conjugation, well-developed texts, special tools, each student or each task and so on. According to Balzer (1988), we have the idea that language learning is a true and authentic project in which students can be useful (see the link under the project in writing) Finally lawyer, is the software interface with the easy to understand and easy to use. The youngest of our subjects (11-12 years) found no difficulty in the construction of tools or "navigate" in the software, version 2.1 or version 3 Designed around the three axes of the software AutoéVal The development and structure of the software following three logical areas: preparation, execution and evaluation, which are obviously to be compared with the various phases of the experiment (see the writing project). In the preparatory phase, the hp pavillion dv3000 battery or HP Pavilion DV4 user (especially teachers) to manage the various elements of "desktop" computer. This is where the files' tool tasks "and" standard tools ", which produces the various tools that can be registered by the student or the teacher develops, and a personal file for each student with the texts of different protocols. In the phase of implementation, the writer with the AutoéVal edition (Figure 3) facing the earth, with gauge horizontal timeline and a help window in the lower right. It is then possible to access the "Tools" menu, in which he recognizes the different files of the "office" of the software again. These files are tools developed by the students themselves, the teacher or peers. During the evaluation phase, the user accesses the tracing of protocol, second by second, the progression of the text. Finally, the graph dynamically linked to a graphical representation of the protocol in the text (Fig. 4). And forth between the graphical representation of the work (easily understood by students), the protocol and the actual text is then possible. The parallel analysis of the card and the protocol supports the beneficial phase Explanation: The subjects can actually compare the objective evidence to support their work with the memories of (subjective) they have. In this sense, the AutoéVal word processing software more just, it really helps a writer to write this to work better and how they can manage their text. The concept of integration is fully applicable to us in this case. The context Each experiment can not ignore contextual information in which they entered. We will also be a few lines to clarify the conditions under which our research in the sixth grade classes (11-12 years) and the orientation phase (14-15 years). The description will focus on the context in the field of IT. Practical organization in Marly Classes of primary school, where we work (Marly), is not the presence of uniform computer. Some classes of machines and other equipment are not powers of variables. At the time of our investigation was the political will is not yet clear, in terms of ICT and it is the teachers who take your time or money for training or equipment. Our research, however, benefited from the expertise and enthusiasm of a teacher who is very familiar with different software traditionally used in the classroom. The progress of the team of teachers is relatively unimportant in this area. Students have access to machines Compaq Presario CQ61, but the objectives of the various possibilities are not clearly defined. The use of computers in primary schools The application is primarily for the construction of their own texts for the class newspaper (sold to friends and villagers to finance the purchase of computer equipment) and concentrated using some software consolidation and electronic encyclopedias. Some students can also scan images. Also note that the layout of the newspaper and its completion by teachers themselves. To transfer data faster, we started with the teachers to transfer files (via a FirstClass server). This process was a discovery for them at the time. Students know then use the HP Pavilion DV6 Series computer, but no activity proposed by the teacher at that time, a true integration of this tool. Practical organization of the orientation phase The situation is different in the orientation phase. The school is to equip a computer room complete: 25 modern aircraft and powerful (for its time). A manager manages (and limited) access to different software. The philosophy of the OC Fribourg is a room where students develop the software. No room is left to interdisciplinarity. Use the computer lab for French lessons (and more on software unknown) is a real "anomaly" in the system consistency. Some practical problems, mainly related to the availability of this room, have ginned hours of experience in this establishment. With the computer on the orientation cycle The main activities of students is around the integration of tools and their use to learn especially with a rate of one hour a week type. Students had the opportunity to explore and discover the ClarisWorks software and various tools for editing text, images, graphics and data. This awareness, however, was quick and we can not tell you how it is for students to demonstrate their knowledge in the fields. At the time of experimentation, the use of the Internet and e-mail is still valid and no connection is established, even in the Hall of Champions! completion In terms of IT, the situation of schools where we conducted our research in accordance with traditional practices prevalent in the Freiburg school right now. In elementary school, the Toshiba PA3399U-1BAS computer-oriented individual class teachers change without a true reflection of the substance takes place on the secondary access is strictly controlled (probably because of the expense) and the use is very narrow. AutoéVal work was a kind of revolution (primary and secondary), because for the first time the computer is part of a project as a learning tool for real. We are aware of this situation and are confident that the enthusiasm (and sometimes fear or aversion) of patients with this medium is probably the most unusual position in relation to work. However, we believe that the results of our experiments have not "suffered" from this situation. Most students of motivation "was sufficient to offset the repetitive. |
20.12.2011., utorak
What are the solutions for the portable heater?
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The mobility of mobile phones is what is their strength in the office or for the most extreme of the game! However, they also have their weak point, "hot" L "! Warning: The following are some manipulations, can not be taken lightly! It can damage the CCM ,Why? First, a laptop Battery for Dell Latitude E6410, a cooling system is inherently less efficient than a desktop PC, if only in terms of size are available. Then the noise problems. Although the components of the "mobile", which is designed for mobile use, have a much lower consumption of components for desktop, this is not always the heat forward. The cooling system is, you see the question before buying a laptop! What are the symptoms? If you know the temperature of my components? First, here are the three main components to regulate the temperature must be: Processor -La/les Graphics Cards -Le/Les Hard Drive There are many software temperature components such as HWMonitor know. You can download it here. This is the installable version of the software architecture manager 32 and 64 bits. What are the main symptoms of extreme heat? - A black screen, the machine needs to restart Thurs - Place the unit in an office or other images - Start the engine, especially in times if necessary - Put in charge - Artefacts - Etc. Hardware Tips The rubber feet: doorstop, or pads on furniture (less than € 2) Expensive solution for just under € 2! Glue three 58 meters, depending on the cooling system of your PC. Two rear may be sufficient if you do not vent on the front. Select a size of 1.5 cm or less, a little more if possible. The result, better heat dissipation between the PC and the media on which it rests. This is an example on my Qosmio X300: Buying a laptop Battery For Dell Inspiron 1420 cooler should be done intelligently, so that the best thing the fans are working on the chassis of the PC cool is not something to stress. Another point not to overlook the noise! This is of course if the noise bothers you or not! Feel free to search, browse the forum materials / equipment! Note: Avoid mini gadgets cool guy definitely cheap, but it has proven extremely inefficient compared to others. Note 2: If your computer has USB ports, also try to get a portable cooler with built-in USB hub, which serves as the power already. If something is still under warranty, return to the PC in the SAV, indicating that the computer gets too hot, and during the games and consumer applications, a complete cleaning of the machine! If your PC is out of warranty, or you feel comfortable doing so, make sure that the labels of collateral damage or tear something special: Deep Cleaning Machine: Dust is the worst enemy of your notebook. In fact, it will be used in the cooling system, where the heat, and can lead to an actual closing of the computer. This is an example of a cooling system contaminated and clean: Changing the thermal paste on the Dell Battery Inspiron 6400 processor: Turn 7 to 10 € for a good thermal paste Arctic Silver 5 in style. They also have something to clean the old thermal paste, because they can not use acetone or solvent, or if you have applied for cleaning are available. Procedures for applying the paste, you can easily find on the net. Change the course of This section is for lovers and those with a shell replacement or without the fear of losing their warranty. To learn how to drill, it is clear that we see, what is your cooling system. This example is what I have on my Alienware M15x (it is not, but you get the idea) It is clear that the processor and graphics card are equipped with air a little more! Software tips The UNDERVOLT processor (free) In short, reduce heat to ease tensions. Beware, there is no loss of performance! Watch out for overclockers! The Replacement Dell Inspiron 1520 Laptop Battery output voltage of the processor limits the overclocking capabilities of the processor! Download the software, the following three: CPUID CPUZ: To verify the results. (Be sure to disable the toolbar when installing Ask) Crystal CPUID or 64: adjustments. OCCT Perestroika: To study the stability of the processor after a test. Start CPUZ and tensions in the box below: Crystal Now: Go to File> Multiply facility Going straight to the point, not too complicated, and avoid some of the novel. Then click the Enable column voltage VID voltage. The values are now available. Then you find the value that CPUZ software provided and select the bottom edge. Select the three lines. For example, the value of 1.125V CPUZ for me, in this case, select 1.113V. Confirm these values by clicking Apply and OK. Finally, click Mode> Multiply management. Start OCCT Go to the link and choose the options package OCCT: Test type: personal Duration 15 minutes Test Mode: 50% of free memory Start by clicking on the test. (Do not use the PC during the test) Wait until the end of the test. There are two possibilities: The test is perfect, only the next lower value and try the test again. The test is finished, because you, the disappearance of the computer SONY VAIO VGN-AW Series restarts, a screen, blue screen, blue screen freezes, etc.. In this case, you can not reduce the tension, then change the value next to the supervisor. Once the value, so that the lower support of the tests, I recommend an excellent test for a period of 15 minutes at least 1 hour, 2 hours to see. If this is the mantle, then just make sure that this tension is reloaded each time the PC, and yes, there's the software, the settings at boot time differently. ;) Create a shortcut on the desktop, Crystal CPUID and then right click it click Properties. " On Target: add / QC / Hide the path to the executable file. It will be something like: "C: Program Files (x86) CrystalCPUID415x64 CrystalCPUIDx64.exe" / CQ / HIDE Now, you just change the link now in the Startup folder in the menu. To ensure that the software is launched, it is sufficient if the symbol chip, as in the image below in the taskbar. For more tips on how to reduce heating Do not! Computer use on uneven surfaces, which may limit the airflow. Using the PC-blankets, mattresses, etc.. (Any assistance in the form of the computer and all the air to avoid!) Use your PC to direct sunlight on hot summer days! Use your PC Dell Inspiron 6000 Battery to places like the beach, time to vote (if, of course) to avoid, because once glued in the case and the elements, did not come, and good heat Use your PC to your legs, sit down, if not, make sure they can not be locked. The use of 'maximum performance' of the power of the PC for simple tasks, such as office automation, Internet browsing, viewing photos, and more to do. |
