Molybdenum has high-temperature strength, good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and low thermal expansion coefficient. Therefore, molybdenum bar products are widely used in the high-temperature furnace as heating body, structural parts, etc. Molybdenum rods are often used as electrodes in rare earth smelting and glass smelting industries. In addition, molybdenum and its alloy rod are also used for making various kinds of small molybdenum crucible, molybdenum ion implantation parts, molybdenum electrical light source parts, and molybdenum die parts.

Molybdenum based alloy is a kind of non-ferrous alloy with molybdenum as the matrix and other elements such as lanthanum, zirconium, titanium, niobium, and rhenium are added. Among them, TZM alloys are widely used in the manufacture of high-temperature tools, molds, and structural parts. The hot perforated top of seamless steel pipe made of molybdenum and TZM has been used extensively. The alloy of molybdenum lanthanum oxide doped with the appropriate amount of lanthanum oxide in pure molybdenum is also known as high-temperature molybdenum in the industry, which effectively increases the recrystallization temperature of molybdenum and reduces the deformation of the product within a certain temperature range, which improves the service life.

Molybdenum bar and molybdenum alloy rod have the following kinds of products.

Sintering molybdenum rods

Generally, the molybdenum bar should be forged to increase the density and improve the structure. However, for the products of molybdenum bars or moly piers with a diameter of more than 120 mm and single weight too large, the forging process cannot be carried out at present, and only the sintered products are provided. The surface of the sintered molybdenum bar is a silver-gray.

Forged molybdenum rod

The forged molybdenum bar is usually called a black molybdenum bar because of the existence of a layer of oxide on its surface. The surface of the forged molybdenum bar allows slight oxide film and forging hammer marks. The density and microstructure of the molybdenum bar are directly related to whether the blank of the molybdenum bar is fully deformed during the forging process.

Molybdenum strip and TZM strip

Molybdenum strip, TZM strip, and high-temperature molybdenum strip are used for ionic implantation parts as well as the manufacture of high-temperature tools, molds, and various structural parts blank. Due to the reason of use, the material density, tissue uniformity, mechanical strength, and other physical properties have higher requirements, so the requirements on forging technology are beyond the requirements of ordinary die forging round bar.

Molybdenum electrode rods

Molybdenum electrode rod is mainly used in glass smelting and rare earth smelting, which is made from molybdenum rods.

Molybdenum tube

Molybdenum tube is mostly used as gas or liquid in a high-temperature environment and is also used in thermocouple casing. Molybdenum tubes are machined to forge molybdenum bars, and the inner diameter of molybdenum tubes with length over 100 mm is usually required to be over 8 mm.

Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM) supplies people with high-quality refractory metals all over the world. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.

Aerospace

Refractory metal and its composite materials have high-temperature strength and erosion resistance and are widely used in aerospace parts.

Machining molybdenum can be used as high-temperature resistance gas ablation components, such as various engine parts, which can withstand the strong erosion and thermal shock of high-density gas flow; anti-high Mach speed pneumatic ablation components, such as the front edge, which can withstand long oxidation and ablation.

Glass furnace molybdenum electrode

Glass products kiln is mainly divided into the flame heating furnace and electric melting furnace. Meanwhile, the electric melting furnace is mainly divided into three types: full electric furnace, electric power supply, and composite kiln. With the further improvement of the national energy conservation and environmental protection requirements, the electric melting furnace has begun to replace the flame heating furnace gradually.

Nuclear fuel molybdenum boat

Nuclear fusion research is a major international cooperation plan to solve future energy problems in the world. Unlike non-renewable energy and conventional clean energy, fusion energy has the advantages of unlimited resources, no pollution, and no high radioactive nuclear waste. It is one of the dominant forms of energy in the future, which is also one of the important ways to finally solve the energy and environmental problems and promote the sustainable development of human society.

Refractory parts for industrial high-temperature furnace

There are a lot of materials that need heat treatment or high-temperature heating in the process of industrial manufacturing, so all kinds of industrial high-temperature furnaces have been used. In these high-temperature furnaces, most of them adopt a pure metal hot chamber or mixed hot chamber with ceramic fiber and graphite insulation layer. The metal parts mostly choose tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium, titanium, tantalum, niobium and other metallic materials. The main types of the high-temperature furnace are high vacuum furnace, protective atmosphere furnace, hot hydrostatic furnace (HIP) and MOCVD equipment.

Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM) supplies people with high-quality refractory metals all over the world. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.

Molybdenum plate includes molybdenum sheet, molybdenum block, molybdenum strip, and molybdenum foil, in which the molybdenum plate is divided into thick plate and thin plate. Generally, the sheet with thickness greater than 3mm is defined as a thick sheet, and the sheet with thickness ranging from 0.4~3mm is defined as a thin sheet, whiles the product with thickness below 0.4mm is defined as a foil.

Molybdenum plate is widely used in national defense, aerospace, glass fiber, and other industries because of its high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, high strength, and hardness. The molybdenum plate has very good thermal conductivity, the little reaction of heat expansion and cold shrinkage in the working process, and good electrical conductivity, so it has become an important material for the manufacture of electronic power equipment, and of course, it has been used very well in other industries. Molybdenum plate can withstand high temperatures at 2900 degrees in a vacuum, which is one of the most widely used thermal conductive materials in the aerospace industry. The main applications of molybdenum plates are as follows.

*As the heating body of high-temperature furnace, heat shield, high-temperature structural parts;

*As a car radiator;

*Molybdenum boat for evaporation and plating;

*Molybdenum disc for rectifier industry;

*As molybdenum electrode for glass and glass fiber industry;

*Devices used as electrical light source parts, electric vacuum and electric semiconductor.

As a new product of the molybdenum plate, the sputtering target of molybdenum is also the product with the highest market demand and the fastest growth, which is mainly used in the information industry, photovoltaic industry, and LCD display industry. Molybdenum plate is widely used in mold and part furnace construction, electron beam sputtering target materials, ion injection machine parts, semiconductor heat dissipation components of high purity molybdenum plate, and the required slab purity is greater than 99.99%, density is greater than 9.8g/cm3, the grain size is 2000~3000 /mm2, and the surface is smooth. In a word, the molybdenum plate is mainly used in military, electronic, glass, aerospace and aviation industries.

Headquartered in Lake Forest, California, USA, Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM) is a leading molybdenum plate supplier since 1994. ARM specializes in providing high-quality molybdenum metal products to customers from all over the world. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.

The development of the tungsten wire industry has been closely linked with the lighting bulb industry from the beginning. In 1878, Edison invented the carbon filament lamp, but it has serious drawbacks that mainly short life. Nearly 20 years later (1897), the carbon filament was replaced by osmium wire and tantalum wire. However, because the melting point of Os and Ta is low, the working temperature and light efficiency are low.

In 1879, Edison tried carbon filament for hundreds of hours. Although carbon has a high melting point, it has a low sublimation temperature. It sublimates directly from solid to gas at low temperature, so it is easy to consume and has a short service life. At present, almost all of the bulbs are used tungsten wire with the melting point of 3410 , the advantage of which is that the sublimation rate is lower when the temperature is lower than the melting point, so it can be heated to a higher temperature than the carbon filament. The tungsten wire also burns in the air, so the bulb needs to be pumped into a vacuum.

To prevent the filament from sublimating, the bulb was filled with inert gases, which are mainly argon and do not contain oxygen, allowing partially vaporized tungsten atoms to return to the filament through collisions. Although the inert gas has increased the filament's service life, however, due to the existence of inert gas in the original vacuum bulb, the heat conduction and convection are increased, the energy is taken away and the equilibrium temperature is reduced, and the faint particles formed by sublimated tungsten gas in the inert gas also form black spots on the inner surface of the bulb by convection.

Hungary made its first tungsten wire in 1903, under the patents of A. Just and FHannaman. The tungsten wire is made by heating the carbon filament to a high temperature by electric current in a halogen oxide vapor containing free hydrogen tungsten, which is completely replaced by tungsten. The resulting incandescent filament contains more or less carbon, which is not only brittle but also compacted when used, so the electric parameters of the filament will change.

Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM) supplies people with high-quality tungsten products, including tungsten wire, tungsten powder, etc. all over the world. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.

Molybdenum oxide (also known as molybdenum trioxide) is a colorless or yellowish-white powder, which soluble in water slightly and soluble in acid, alkali, and ammonia solution completely.

Molybdenum oxide layer has been widely used in the modern graphic screen because of its low optical reflective, no matter it is reliable for subpixel separation, or a way of covering conductors with or prevent unnecessary reflection from ambient light.

Narrow frame display: covers the conductor

Modern desktop monitors and large TV screen abandoned plastic edge (narrow) framework, which not only improved the appearance, also made the condition of a few screens together to form a large screen come true. But the high reflection molybdenum, aluminum or copper conductor on the TFT glass will be exposed when there is no plastic frame. Molybdenum oxide antireflective coating solved this problem, it will reflect less than 6% of the incident light (550 nm), so as to make the conductor invisible.

OLED: a collection of reflector and electrode resistance

TFT metal molybdenum layer (the source/drain) reflects the ambient light falling on the OLED display so as to reduce the contrast of the monitor. A circular polarizing filter like this used to reduce unnecessary reflection. Although the reflection from the electrode reduced, the light output of the monitor also reduced. So molybdenum oxide is the ideal of TFT substrate metallization of reflector since it absorbs light very well, and it is also an electrical conductor.

The metal molybdenum can reflect about 60% of the incident lights; this value is greater than 6% of the same thickness of the molybdenum oxide layer. OLED manufacturers eliminate polarization by using a molybdenum oxide layer.

Touch screen anti-reflective coating

Molybdenum oxide PVD film can prevent unnecessary reflection between the metal surface (metal bridge) with capacitive touch sensors.

Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM) supplies people with high-quality molybdenum products all over the world. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.

Bright molybdenum sheet is dark brown, and it appears silver-gray metal luster if washed by alkali. The density of molybdenum sheet is basically close to the theoretical density of molybdenum after rolling and processing with the deformation reaching more than 60%. Therefore, molybdenum sheet has high strength, uniform internal structure and excellent resistance to high temperature creep, which is widely used in the production of sapphire crystal growth furnace reflection screen, cover plate, vacuum furnace reflection screen, hair belt, connectors, plasma coating sputtering target material, high temperature resistant boat dishes and other products. Molybdenum sheet is mainly used in the following industries.

Steel industry

Molybdenum is mainly used in the iron and steel industry, most of which are directly used for steelmaking or cast iron after pressing the industrial molybdenum oxide block, and a small part of which is smelted into ferromolybdenum and then used for steelmaking. Adding molybdenum to stainless steel can improve the corrosion resistance of steel while adding molybdenum to cast iron can improve the strength and wear resistance of iron.

Aerospace industry

Ni-based superalloy containing 18% molybdenum has the characteristics of high melting point, low density, and low thermal expansion coefficient, and is used for manufacturing various high-temperature components of aviation and aerospace. Molybdenum disulfide is an important lubricant used in aerospace and mechanical industries.

Electron industry

Molybdenum sheet is widely used in electronic devices such as electron tubes, transistors, and rectifiers.

Chemical industry

Molybdenum trioxide and molybdate are excellent catalysts in the chemical and petroleum industries.

Catalytic industry

Due to its unique sulfur resistance, molybdenum disulfide can catalyze the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to produce alcohols under certain conditions. It is a promising chemical catalyst for C1.

Pharmaceuticals industry

Molybdenum is a component of many enzymes, and the lack of molybdenum can lead to dental caries, kidney stones, keshan disease, Kashin disease, esophageal cancer, and other diseases. It is mainly used in patients with chronic dependence on intravenous hypertrophy.

Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM) supplies people with high-quality refractory metals all over the world. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.

Molybdenum has high-temperature strength, good conduction, thermal conductivity, and low thermal expansion coefficient, so the molybdenum rod products are widely used in the high-temperature furnace as a heating body, structural parts, etc. Molybdenum rods are often used in rare earth smelting and glass smelting industries. In addition, molybdenum and its alloy bars are also made of various small molybdenum crucibles, molybdenum ion implantation parts, molybdenum electric light source product parts, and molybdenum mold parts.

Molybdenum based alloy is a non-ferrous alloy which is composed of other lanthanum, zirconium, titanium, niobium, and rhenium. Among them, TZM alloy effectively improves the mechanical properties of high temperature and is widely used in the manufacture of high-temperature tools, molds, and various structural parts. The molybdenum lanthanum alloy made from pure molybdenum oxide is also called high-temperature molybdenum in the industry, which effectively improves the recrystallization temperature of molybdenum. It also reduces the deformation of the product within a certain temperature range and improves the service life.

Molybdenum rod and molybdenum alloy bar products have the following kinds.

Sintering molybdenum rods

Molybdenum bars are usually forged to increase density and improve tissue structure. However, there is no forging process for the molybdenum rod or molybdenum block products with a diameter of more than 120 mm and single weight and only sintered products are provided. The surface of the sintered molybdenum rod is silvery gray.

Forging molybdenum rods

The forging of molybdenum bars is commonly referred to as the black molybdenum rod because of the presence of a layer of oxide on its surface. The forging of the molybdenum rod surface allows for a slight oxidation film and hammer marks. The density and structure of the forged molybdenum rod are directly related to the deformation of the molybdenum bar during forging.

Rotary swaging molybdenum rod

The rotary forging molybdenum rod is also called black molybdenum rod. It is usually forged to a certain diameter and is processed through a rotary forging machine.

Polished molybdenum bars

Molybdenum bars and TZM bars and high-temperature molybdenum bars are used for the implantation of ion implantation parts as well as the blanks for the manufacture of high-temperature tools, molds, and various structural parts. For the purpose of use, the production of molybdenum bars has higher requirements on the physical properties of materials such as density, homogeneity and mechanical strength. Therefore, the requirement of the forging process is beyond the requirement of ordinary die forging.

Molybdenum tubes

Molybdenum tubes are used in a high-temperature environment for air conduction or liquid conduction, and it is also used in thermocouple sleeve. Molybdenum tube is made of forged molybdenum rod by machining. For a molybdenum tube with a length of more than 100 mm, the inner diameter is usually more than 8 mm.

Molybdenum electrode rods

Molybdenum electrode is made from molybdenum rod and mainly used in glass melting and rare earth smelting industry.

Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM) supplies people with high-quality refractory metals all over the world. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.

Zirconium is a rare metal with amazing corrosion resistance, high melting point, high hardness, and strength. It is widely used in aerospace, military, nuclear reaction, and atomic energy fields. The melting point of zirconium is above 1800 degrees, and the melting point of zirconium dioxide is more than 2700 degrees. Therefore, zirconium is an aerospace material, and its performance in various aspects is much superior to that of titanium.

Metal zirconium is used almost exclusively as a cladding for uranium fuel components in nuclear reactors, as well as for the manufacture of photographic flash lamps, as well as corrosion-resistant containers and pipes, particularly resistant to hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.

Zirconium is an important alloying element of magnesium alloys, which can improve the tensile strength and processing properties of magnesium. Zirconium is also a modifier of aluminum-magnesium alloys that refines grains.

Zirconium can absorb a large number of gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, and ammonia when heated. It is an ideal getter. For example, zirconium powder is used as a deaerator in the electron tube, while zirconium wire and zirconium sheet are used as grid support and anode support. Zirconium powder can be burned in the air and can detonate detonators and or drugs. Due to its strength under high temperature and excellent corrosion resistance (especially for acetate acid), zirconium pipes and zirconium pipe fittings are ideal for fuel rods in nuclear reactors.

From the perspective of military industry, as long as one-thousandth of zirconium is added to the steel, the hardness and strength will be amazingly high. Zirconium-containing armor steel, cannon forging steel, stainless steel, and heat-resistant steel are important materials for the manufacture of armored vehicles, tanks, cannons, and bulletproof panels.

From the point of view of atomic energy and nuclear energy, zirconium has outstanding nuclear energy and is an indispensable material for the development of atomic energy industry. Large-scale nuclear power plants generally use zirconium. If they use nuclear power to generate electricity, every million kilowatts of power generation capacity will consume 20 to 25 tons of metal zirconium a year.

Advanced Refractory Metals is a leading supplier and manufacturer of a wide variety of zirconium products, including zirconium pipes, zirconium powder, zirconium rings, etc. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.

The raw materials for the production of the crucible can be summarized into three types: one is crystalline natural graphite, the other is plastic refractory clay, and the third is calcined hard kaolin skeleton clinker. Since 2008, high-temperature resistant synthetic materials such as silicon carbide, alumina silicon carbide, and ferrosilicon have been used as skeleton clinker. This clinker has a significant effect on improving the quality of crucible products, enhancing its density and mechanical strength.

Zirconium crucible is an important part of the smelting furnace. It is the space for melting and refining metal liquids and is the basis for ensuring smooth smelting. Zirconium crucible has many types and specifications. It is not limited by production scale, batch size, and smelting material type. It can be arbitrarily selected, has strong applicability, and can guarantee the purity of the smelted material. The following are the precautions for the use of zirconium crucible.

* After use, place it in a dry place, avoid rainwater intrusion; slowly bake to 500 degrees Celsius before use;
* The material should be added according to the volume of the crucible, and the extrusion should not be too tight, so as to prevent the metal from undergoing thermal expansion and cracking.
* When removing the molten metal, it is best to use a spoon to pry it out. Try not to use a caliper. If a caliper or other tool is used, it should conform to the shape of the crucible to avoid excessive local force and shorten the service life.
* The service life of the crucible is related to the usage. The strong oxidizing flame should be prevented from being directly sprayed onto the crucible, and the niobium raw material can be oxidized for a short life.

Advanced Refractory Metals is a leading zirconium crucible supplier with competitive price and great delivery time. Customization is available by your request. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.

Molybdenum is a rare metal, which is widely used in modern industry. Adding molybdenum to steel and iron can improve the strength, toughness and corrosion resistance, making it one of the best alloy additive elements; Adding 15%~30% molybdenum to nickel base alloy can greatly improve the corrosion resistance; Molybdenum-rhenium alloy seamless tubes containing 50% molybdenum and 50% rhenium have good high-temperature performance, which can be used in the situation near the melting point; Molybdenum wire is widely used in electronic industry (such as silicon chip support, new light source electrode lead wire); Molybdenum compounds can be used as catalysts and reagents, and pigments can also be prepared.

Molybdenum ore accounts for 97.5% of the total cost of ferromolybdenum production, so the maximum increase of molybdenum recovery rate is of great importance to reduce costs and improve economic benefits. The links that may cause molybdenum loss must be strictly controlled.

* The vapor pressure of molybdenum trioxide is low and easy to sublimate, so reducing the sublimation amount of MoO3(s) and recovering molybdenum-containing dust must be paid attention to.
* In the roasting of molybdenum concentrate, the roasting temperature should be accurately controlled to minimize the sublimation of MoO3(s), and the recovered molybdenum dust should be re-roasting with an efficient purification system.
* In smelting, sealed furnace body can not only reduce the heat loss and the amount of reducing agent aluminum, but also reduce the amount of molybdenum loss in slag, and is conducive to the purification and dust removal of flue gas. The molybdenum-containing dust collected by the dust collector can be returned to smelting after lumping. If the dust contains other metal elements, comprehensive utilization of the dust should be considered.
* Ferromolybdenum particles included in ferromolybdenum slag must be recovered, which can be recovered by magnetic separation method.
* Finishing chips and nodular iron at the bottom of the furnace are the largest amounts of molybdenum-containing return material, so it should be combined with mature molybdenum ore smelting.


Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM) supplies high-quality molybdenum products such as molybdenum tube, molybdenum sheet, molybdenum strip, etc. to meet our customers' R&D and production needs. Please visit https://www.refractorymetal.org for more information.