Pregled posta

Marketing

The 2011 Import and Export Market for Transistors with a Dissipation Rate of Less Than 1 Watt Excluding Photosensitive Transistors in Belgium

On the demand side, exporters and strategic planners focusing on transistors with a dissipation rate of less than 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors in Belgium face a number of questions. Which countries are supplying transistors with a dissipation rate of less than 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors to Belgium? How important is Belgium compared to others in terms of the entire global and regional market? How much do the imports of transistors with a dissipation rate of less than 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors vary from one country of origin to another in Belgium? On the supply side, Belgium also exports transistors with a dissipation rate of less than 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors. Which countries receive the most exports from Belgium? How are these exports concentrated across buyers? What is the value of these exports and which countries are the largest buyers?

This report was created for strategic planners, international marketing executives and import/export managers who are concerned with the market for transistors with a dissipation rate of less than 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors in Belgium. With the globalization of this market, managers can no longer be contented with a local view. Nor can managers be contented with out-of-date statistics which appear several years after the fact. I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for transistors with a dissipation rate of less than 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors for those countries serving Belgium via exports, or supplying from Belgium via imports. It does so for the current year based on a variety of key historical indicators and econometric models.

In what follows, Chapter 2 begins by summarizing where Belgium fits into the world market for imported and exported transistors with a dissipation rate of less than 1 watt excluding photosensitive

Thunderbolt: the dictionary defines it as "a flash of lightning accompanied by thunder" and it aptly describes the P-47 during World War II. Thunderbolt pilots flew into battle with the thundering roar of a 2000-horsepower radial engine and the deadly flash of eight .50 caliber machine guns. This combination of a robust, reliable engine and heavy armament made the Thunderbolt successful. U. S. Army Forces (AAF) commanders considered it one of the three premier American fighter aircraft, alongside the North American P-51 Mustang and the Lockheed P-38 Lightning (see NASM collection for both aircraft). In the history of aviation, Americans built more P-47s than any other American fighter airplane.

A design history of the Thunderbolt begins in 1935, when the predecessor to Republic Aviation, the Seversky Aircraft Corporation, won an Army Air Corps fighter design competition with an airplane designated the P-35. Alexander Kartveli, Seversky chief designer, used a distinctive semi-elliptical wing plan-form on the P-35 and all the models that followed including the P-47. Kartveli improved on the P-35 with incrementally more powerful engines equipped with superchargers and these airplanes were designated the XP-41 and the P-43 Lancer. The XP-47A was to have been another modest evolutionary step, but aerial combat reports coming back from Europe in 1940 indicated the need for a breakthrough design.

Republic proposed a fighter never seen before nor hardly imagined. It was to be the largest single-engine fighter airplane built and flown by any nation during World War II and Kartveli armed it with the heaviest armament of any fighter yet built, eight .50 caliber machine guns. The designer also proposed using the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 engine, the largest air-cooled radial available. To make the airplane as fast as possible at high altitude, Kartveli designed a turbo-supercharger system that fit inside the aft fuselage of the big fighter. This was a particularly complex design challenge. Because of the importance of smooth airflow inside several hundred feet of ducting that connected the supercharger, near the tail, with the engine in the nose, the turbo air duct system was designed first, and then the rest of the aircraft was made to fit around it. Ducting filled nearly the entire belly of the XP-47B. After the aircraft became operational and several crashes occurred, post-crash analysis revealed that these ducts formed a safety cushion between the pilot and the ground.

The Army was impressed with the new design and ordered 171 P-47Bs. On May 6, 1941, the XP-47B made its first flight but Republic needed nearly two more years of testing and refining before the Thunderbolt was ready for combat. Upon arrival in England in December 1942, pilots greeted the P-47 with mixed emotions. Many fighter pilots were accustomed to more nimble and lightweight fighters such as the Supermarine Spitfire, Hawker Hurricane. Pilots of the 4th Fighter Group, Eighth Air Force, first took the Thunderbolt into combat. The fighter weighed more than twice as much as the Spitfires many men had flown previously, so someone nicknamed the aircraft 'Juggernaut,' a fitting moniker that was soon shortened simply to the Jug.

Early combat sorties, first flown in April 1943, revealed that the Thunderbolt could out-dive all opposing fighters-a definite advantage in aerial combat. The P-47 could also absorb tremendous battle damage and continue to fly, and the eight .50 caliber machine guns that Kartveli installed gave it the greatest projectile throw-weight of any U. S. fighter that served in World War II, except for the Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter. However, initial operational experience revealed problems with the engine, radio, landing gear, range and rate of climb. The first three difficulties were soon sorted out but rate of climb was not dramatically improved until December when new broad-chord "paddle-blade" propellers. Range limitations plagued the P-47 as long as it served in the European Theater. In the Pacific, Republic solved the range problem when the firm introduced the P-47N in April 1945 with a completely redesigned wing that held more fuel. The 'N model could fly more than 3,220 km (2,000 miles) and escort Boeing B-29 Superfortresses (see NASM collection) attacking the Japanese home islands.

During the war, the P-47 underwent many other modifications to improve its combat efficiency. The P-47D model featured water injection to boost engine power, more powerful versions of the R-2800 engine, increased fuel capacity, and a "bubble" canopy for less-restricted visibility from the cockpit. Through Lend-Lease, 247 Jugs went to the British and 103 to the Soviet Union. The Brazilians flew the type in combat in the Italian Theater and in the Pacific, the Mexican 201st Fighter Squadron flies Thunderbolts in the Philippines.

Of the 15,683 P-47s built, about two-thirds reached overseas commands. A tota

A group of displaced Awa people in Narino department. © UNHCR/G.Valdivieso


UNHCR reaches 200 indigenous Colombians displaced by violence

BOGOTA, Colombia, February 13, 2009 (UNHCR) – UNHCR and other humanitarian agencies have reached some 200 indigenous people who are sheltering in remote villages in south-west Colombia's Narino region after fleeing violence on their collective territory.

On Tuesday, UNHCR called for a full investigation into the reported killings of 17 Awa indigenous people in Telembi Tortugana, located in one of the most isolated and conflict-ridden parts of the country. Two humanitarian teams, including UNHCR, other UN agencies and non-governmental organizations, arrived on Thursday in the villages of Samaniego and Buenavista, where around 200 Awa people have managed to take refuge.

The 114 Awa people who reached Buenavista are in very poor health after making the long and hazardous journey from their territory – many of the children show signs of chronic malnutrition. Another threat is the presence of anti-personnel land mines, while there is very limited infrastructure in the village to support the new arrivals.

Officials from the state body responsible for helping displaced people have arrived in the area and will start coordinating delivery of humanitarian supplies. Humanitarian assistance is in place in Samaniego, where 68 Awa had arrived by Thursday afternoon.

The Awa authorities have requested that all the displaced be moved out of the area as soon as possible and taken to a safer location further south, where the local Awa community is organizing itself to receive them.

Despite the efforts of the authorities to reach the site of the reported massacre, so far no civilian state institutions have managed to enter the area, and the bodies of the 17 presumed dead have not been found. On Wednesday, there were local reports that up to 13 more people had been killed on another collective territory known as El Sandal.

UNHCR on Friday reiterated its Tuesday call for a full judicial investigation into the reported murders. "It again asks all parties to respect international humanitarian law and urges the Colombian government to fulfill its obligations to protect civilians," a spokeswoman said.

Located on the Pacific Coast along the border with Ecuador, the department of Narino is one of the regions of Colombia most affected by the civil conflict. For the past two years, it has had the highest rate of forced displacement in the country. The Awa, with 21,000 people, are the largest indigenous group in that part of Colombia and are suffering from harassment, threats, murders and forced displacement as a result of the presence of armed groups on their territory.

The UNHCR field office in Narino has been working closely with the Awa people, who like many Colombian indigenous groups have been struggling for years to keep out of the country's internal conflict.

The Awa are one of 87 indigenous groups in Colombia. More than a third of these groups are at risk of extinction, largely as a result of armed conflict and forced displacement. More than 300,000 people were displaced in Colombia in 2007 and preliminary 2008 figures show a similar trend, bringing the total number of registered internally displaced people to more than 2.8 million.

By Marie-Helene Verney

On the demand side, exporters and strategic planners approaching the market in Europe face a number of questions. Which countries are supplying transistors with a dissipation rate of at least 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors to Europe? What is the dollar value of these imports? How much do the imports of transistors with a dissipation rate of at least 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors vary from one country to another in Europe? Do exporters serving the market in Europe have similar market shares across the importing countries? On the supply side, Europe also sells to the international market of transistors with a dissipation rate of at least 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors. Which countries in Europe supply the most exports of transistors with a dissipation rate of at least 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors? Which countries are buying their exports? What is the value of these exports and which countries are the largest buyers?

This report was created for strategic planners, international marketing executives and import/export managers who are concerned with the market for transistors with a dissipation rate of at least 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors in Europe. With the globalization of this market, managers can no longer be contented with a local view. Nor can managers be contented with out-of-date statistics that appear several years after the fact. I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for transistors with a dissipation rate of at least 1 watt excluding photosensitive transistors for those countries serving Europe via exports or supplying from Europe via imports. We do so for the current year based on a variety of key historical indicators and econometric models.

In what follows, Chapter 2 begins by summarizing where Europe fits into the world market for imported and exported transistors with a dissipation rate